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microbiology > unit 11 > Flashcards

unit 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sterilization

A

removal / destruction of all forms of microbial life
-most resistance against endospores

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2
Q

Disinfection

A

destruction of vegegative pathogens (non endospores)
-applied to fomites
-not sterilization

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3
Q

Antiseptic

A

chemical disinfection of the skin mucous membranes, living tissue

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4
Q

Asepsis

A

absence of pathogen from an object/ areaS

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5
Q

Sanitization

A

reduction of pathogens to safe public health levels

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6
Q

bacteriocydal

A

to kill bacteria

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7
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

inhibit growth of bacteria

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8
Q

Moist heat

A

Boiling /autoclaving

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9
Q

Boiling

A

100 degrees for 10 minutes
used on dishes , cups, basins
not reliable

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10
Q

why is boiling not reliable

A

due to bacteria with protective mechanisms

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11
Q

Autoclaving

A
  • used on culture media , equipment , linens
  • steam under pressure
  • 121 degrees at 15 psi for 15 minutes
    -most effective
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12
Q

Pasteurization

A
  • high temp short time (72 degrees / 15 minutes)
  • milk cream beer
  • not sterilization (to lactobacillus and mycobacterium tb)
  • eliminate milk borne pathogens
    -lower bacterial counts to prolong the quality of the refrigerated milk
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13
Q

Dry heat

A
  • 100% effective
  • direct flame/incineration
  • cremation
  • hot air (ovens) pipets
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14
Q

Filtration

A

filters with pores small enough to retain microbes from liquids or gases
- used = vaccines , enzymes , antibiotic solutions

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15
Q

Low temperature (bacteriostatic)

A

food some meds

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16
Q

Dessication (removes h20 bacteriostatic)

A

used on foods
freeze dried
hypotonic solutions

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17
Q

Osmotic pressure (hypetonic solutions)

A

ex= salt brines/ sugar syrups
- food preservation

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18
Q

radiation (non- ionizing)

A
  • long wavelength
    -UV light (cant penetrate on surface)
  • uses = OR room , autopsy room, certain equipment
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19
Q

radiation (ionizing)

A
  • short wave length
  • gamma rays
    -penetrates surfaces
    -replaces gas sterilzation
  • uses = food, disposables, medical supplies
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20
Q

Zone of inhibition

A
  • clearing around disc that shows no bacterial growth
    -used to find most effective antibiotic against a microbe
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21
Q

Chemical methods of control

A

phenol
halogens
alcohol
heavy metals
surface active agents
quaternary ammounium compounds (quats)
organic compounds
aldehydes
gases
oxidizing agents

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22
Q

phenol

A
  • carbolic acid
  • rarely used (caustic /strong odor)
  • used in throat lozengers (local anesthetic)
  • derivates = phenolics (cresol / lysol)
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23
Q

Hexacholorphene , chlorhexidine, triclosan, and essential oils are example of what chemical agent

A

phenol

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24
Q

Hexachlorphene

A
  • excessive use can lead to neurological damage
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25
Chlorhexidine
- surgical scrubs
26
Triclosan
- antibacterial soaps
27
Halogens
- Iodine ( antiseptic /disinfectant betadine) - chlorine ( effective disinfectant; bleach) - combines with water to make hydrochlorous
28
alcohol
- swabs skin / clean equipment - kills bacteria/fungi but not endospores/ viruses - ethanol - isopropanol or rubbing alcohol
29
Tincutures of alcohol
- alcohol added to increase effectivness of chemicals
30
Heavy metals (silver, mercury , copper)
-antiseptic / disinfectant
31
Surface active agents (soaps, detergents)
-mechanical removal - emulsifies
32
Quarternary ammonium compounds (quats)
- antimicrobial/ odorless/ colorless/ tasteless/ non toxic - uses = mouthwash - zephiran= benzalkonium chloride
33
Organic compounds
- sorbic acid / sodium benzoate (cheese/soda) - sodium nitrate (meats)
34
What does sodium nitrate do for meat
give its color / preservation
35
Aldehydes
- most effective antimicrobial agent - formaldehyde (formatin embalming liquid)
36
Gases (etheylene oxide)
- high penetrating -disinfects medical supplies - carcinogenic to workers
37
Oxidizing agents
-Hydrogen peroxide = antiseptic/ disinfectant - ozone: disinfection of water - Benzoyl peroxide = acne medicine
38
Minimal inhibitory concentration
minimal amount of antibiotics that you distrubute to kill a microbe
39
effects of combining drugs
synergistic and antagonistic
40
Synergistic
-most effective way to control microbes - effects of 2 drugs given together is greater than when given alone - endocarditis: penicillin (destroys cw) -streptomycin (enters more easily)
41
Antagonistic
- drug interference - drugs interfere with each other - dont give tetracycline and penicllin together
42
Synthesis of antibiotics
derived from microbes (bacteria or molds) or chemical synthesized - 50% from streptomyces sp.
43
Anti- bacterial antibiotics: mechanisms of action
-metabolic inhibitors - cell wall inhibitors - protein synthesis inhibitors - permeates cell membrane -inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
44
Sulfonamides: sulfa drugs/ trimethoprim (metabolic inhibitors)
- interferes with folic acid synthesis - folic acid needed to make dna/rna - resembles PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) - uses = UTI/ meningococcal meningtiis) - limitation = allergic reactions / not effective for sever infections
45
Isoniazid- inh (metabolic inhibitors)
-inhibits mycolic acid synthesis ( cell wall) -resembels vitamin B6 - uses= on M. TB -limitations = resistance / kidney damage
46
Penicillin (cell wall inhibitor)
- effective against gram + / spirochetes - natural penicillin = G or V - extracted from penicillium sp. -narrow spectrum Antibiotic - limitations = allergies / resistance / narrow spectrum only
47
Beta lactamase
enzyme that produces new element so it can be resistant to the antibiotic penicillium
48
what converts penicillin -> penicilloic acid
beta lactamase or penicillinase
49
Synthetic penicillins: ampicillin , amoxicillin, methicillin (oxacillin) (cell wall inhibitor)
- used on gram +/ gram - - broad spectrum antibiotics -overcomes the disadvantages of natural penicillin
50
Carbapenems (cell wall inhibitor)
- used on pseudomonas sp. / gram - infections
51
Cephalosporins or cephalothins
- resistant to penicillinase - effective against gram- / gram + -broad spectrum antibiotic
52
Bacitracin (cell wall inhibitor)
- gram + some gram -'s -topical cream/ointment - mainly gram + - from bacillus sp.
53
Vancomycin (cell wall inhibitor)
- very toxic -used for MRSA - narrow spectrum antibiotic - limitations = resistance/ toxicitiy
54
Protein synthesis inhibitors purpose
targets prokaryotes ribosome's
55
Cholramphenicol (protein synthesis inhibitor)
- used for typhoid fever/ meningitis - broad spectrum antibiotic -potenitally toxic - limitations= aplastic anemia
56
Tetracycline (protein synthesis inhibitor)
- less toxic than chloramphenicol - used on gram+/gram - - targets ricketsia/chlamydia - broad spectrum antibiotic -tissue soluble (Uti's , RT/GI tract infections) -limitations = disrupts normal flora , gi problems , tooth discoloration, -easily diffuses -> tissue
57
Aminoglycosides (protein synthesis inhibitor)
- all effective against gram -'s - broad spectrum antibiotic - limitations = resistance / auditory nerve damage
58
Erythromycin: macrolides (protein synthesis inhibitor)
- alternative: penicillin allergic - used on gram +'s, Legionella , some Neisseria, and Mycoplasma pneumonia - wont affect most gram -'s - given orally (orange flavor)
59
Purpose of cell membrane permeators
loss of cell metabolites
60
Polymyxin B (cell membrane permeator)
- used on gram -'s and pseudomonas - topical since toxic to kidneys/brain
61
Polymyxin E: colistin
- used to treat antibiotic resistant bacteria - last resort - concern with its use in food animals
62
Rifamycin or rifampin (inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis)
- inhibits MRNA - uses on gram +'s and some gram -'s - chlamydia, M. lepri, M TB, N, meningitis - turns urine/ sweat/ feces/ tears orange and red color
63
Anti-fungal drugs purpose
prevents sterol synthesis in cell membrane
64
nystatin/ mycostatin, amphotericin B , Imidazoles/ketoconazole , and Griseofulvin are what types of drugs
anti-fungal drugs
65
nystatin/ mycostatin
used for yeasts
66
amphotericin B
used for systemic mycoses
67
Imidazoles/ ketoconazole
used for systemic mycoses
68
Griseofulvin
used for cutaneous mycoses
69
Amantadine, Acyclovir, AZT or zidovudine , and Interferon-chronic heptitis are what type of drugs
anti-viral drugs
70
Amantadine
reduces duration of influenza
71
Acyclovir
herpes infections
72
AZT or zidovudine
HIV
73
Quinine (and its derivatives) and metronidiazole/ flagyl- trichomonas, giardia, entamoeba are what type of drugs
Anti- protozoan drugs (prevents DNA synthesis)
74
Niclosamide/ mebendazole are what type of drugs
anti-helminthic drugs (prevents atp synthesis/ paralyze helminths)
75
Niclosamide
used for tapeworm infections
76
Mebendazole
used for roundworm infections
76
Development of drug
- enzymatic altercations - changes in cw/cm permeability - genetic changes or mutations - cm proteins that expel antibiotics

microbiology (15 decks)

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