Unit 4 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Carbohydrates
A
- largest / diverse
- energy source
- important for cell biological function
2
Q
What type of macromolecules are sugar/starches
A
carbohydrates
3
Q
Monosaccharides , polysaccharides , disaccharides
A
carbohydrates
4
Q
Lipids
A
- for structure/ cellular membrane
- holds cell together / can collapse without it
- fats
5
Q
Proteins
A
- cell structure/ function
- Oxygen Nitrogen Hydrogen
6
Q
Nucleic acids
A
- Replication , transcription , translation
7
Q
Flagella (prokaryotes)
A
- provide motility/ locomotion
- attach to basal body
- do not move in directional format
8
Q
Photosynthetic prokaryotes
A
- will move in directional format due to specialized receptors
9
Q
Atrichous
A
No flagella
10
Q
Do all cocci lack flagella?
A
true
11
Q
The 4 types of flagellum
A
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritrichous
12
Q
Monotrichous
A
one flagella at one pool
13
Q
Amphitrichous
A
flagella at both pools of a cell
14
Q
Lophotrichous
A
flagella clumped at one end of pool
15
Q
Peritrichous
A
flagella distributed over entire cell
16
Q
What protein is flagella composed of?
A
flagellin
17
Q
Flagellin protein H antigen
A
used to distinguish sub species
18
Q
What does the basal body do for flagella
A
anchors flagella to the cell wall and cell membrane
19
Q
Axial filaments
A
- found on spirochete bacteria (spiral shape)
- anchored at one end and wrapped around cell
-corkscrew motion
20
Q
Spirochetes
A
allow bacteria to move as it contracts/ expands
21
Q
Pili (pilus) or Fimbrae (fimbria)
A
- many gram neg have pili
22
Q
What is the purpose of pili
A
- to adhere to surfaces (colonization)
- conjugation (transfer DNA)
23
Q
Cell wall purpose
A
- structure/shape
- provides shape
-protects cell membrane - anchors flagella -> basal body
- prevents rupture of cell in hypotonic solutions
24
Q
Composition of cell wall
A
PG or peptidoglycan also known as meurin
- found in more gram+
25
What is PG composed of
- NAG (N acetyl glucosamine)
-NAM (N acetyl muramic acid)
- Tetrapeptide side chain attached to NAM in backbone
- Peptide cross bridge that links tetrapeptide sidechain
26
NAG/NAM
carbohydrate layer of PG
27
Gram - cell wall
- thin layer of PG
-Lipid bilayer (composed of lipids)
28
What does mycoplasma sp. lack
cell wall
29
Outer membrane (lipid layer of gram - cel wall)
lipid layer acts as a barrier against enzymes detergents and antibiotics
30
Periplasmic space
- thin layer of PG which is susceptible to mechanical breakage
31
Cell membrane in prokaryotes (cytoplasmic or plasma membrane)
- composed of phospholipid bilayers
- less rigid than cm in eukaryotes
- no sterols
32
Function of cell membrane in prokaryotes
-ATP synthesis
- selective permeability
- photosynthesis in some bacteria
33
What is the polar hair of the cell membrane
hydrophillic
34
What is the non polar hair of the cell membrane
hydrophobic
35
Cytoplasm (in prokaryotes)
substance of cell inside cell membrane
- 80% h20, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, in organic ions
36
Where does all activity happen in prokaryote cells
within cell membrane of the cell
37
Nucleoid (prokaryotes)
- nuclear area
- circular double stranded DNA
-bacterial chromosome
-No nucelar membrane or histone proteins like eukaryotes
38
Where does the nucleoid attach to
cell membrane
39
Plasmids (prokaryotes)
-optional in prokaryotes
-small circular double stranded DNA
- not connected to bacterial chromosome
-extra chromosomes for bacteria
- plasmids can replace their own
- can be gained or lost with no harm to bacterial cell
40
Ribosomes (prokaryotes)
- protein synthesis
- several antibiotics inhibit the bacterial ribosome from synthesizing proteins
41
Inclusions (prokaryotes)
- reserve deposits
- holds glycogens/lipids
- important for ATP synthesis
- metachromatic granules contain phosphate for ATP
42
Endospores (prokaryotes)
-protects cell from adverse environmental condition
-surrounds newly replicated DNA
43
Sporulation
process that endospore is being formed within vegetative state
44
Germination
Can go back to vegetative state
45
When happens when endospores mature
cell ruptures and endospores are free
46
Location of endospores
terminal
subterminal
central
47
What is the spore coat of endospores consist of
Ca++
PG
Dipicolinic acid
48
Capsule (prokaryotes)
-Glycocalyx or sugar coat
-external to cell wall
- provides cell with the ability to resist host defenses (phagocytosis) / lysozymes)
-stained with india pink
- virulent
49
Composition of capsules
mucopolysachhaides
50
Examples of capsules
pasteurella multocida
S. pneuomnaie
H. Influenzae
51
Examples of endospores
Clostridium sp.
Bacillus sp.
52
Cocci (coccus)
- round cells
-atrichous (no flagella)
53
Diplococci
cocci next to each other
54
Streptococci
cocci in chain
55
Tetrad
groups of 4 cocci
56
Sarcinae
groups of 6 cocci
57
Staphlycocci
cluster of cocci together
58
Bacilli (bacillus)
- some motile some cant
- rod shaped
59
3 types of spiral bacteria
- vibrio
- spirillium
- spirochetes
60
Vibrio
curve spiral bacteria
61
Spirillium
rigid spiral bacteria
62
Spirochetes
- flexible spiral bacteria
-corkscrew
63
3 shapes of bacteria
- cocci
-bacilli
-spirals
64
Psychrophiles
- cold loving
-optimum temp = 15 degrees celsius
65
Mesophiles
- loves moderate temp
- optimum temp = 25-40 degrees
-most common; very adaptive
- most common cause of food spoilage/ disease causing
66
Thermophiles
- heating loving
- optimum temp = 50-60 degrees
-sunlit area/ hot springs
67
What grows in pH of 6.5 -> 7.5
bacteria
68
What grows in pH of 5 -> 6
molds (more acidic)
69
Osmotic pressure
force which a solvent moves across a semi-permeable membrane (cw/cm) from a solution of low concentration -> solution of higher solute concentration
70
Agar
-solidifying agent
- no benefits
71
Na agar
has proteins
72
PDA agar
has carbohydrates
73
3 types of osmotic pressures
-isotonic
-hypotonic
-hypertonic
74
Isotonic
- no movement of water in/out cell
- equal inside / outside of cell
75
Hypertonic
- water leaves the cell
- more solute than solvent
-cw/ cm pull apart
-plasmolysis / bacteriostatic occurs
- used for food preservation
75
Hypotonic
- water enters the cell
- less solute / more solvent
- cell swells/ bursts
-occurs in gram -
76
plasmolysis
- shrinkage of cell's cytoplasm
77
bacteriostatic
- cell growth is inhibited
78
what is used for preservation in hypertonic solution
salt brines/ sugar syrups
79
Osmophiles
likes hypertonic conditions
80
Halophiles
salt loving
- found in oceans/ salt mines
81
Saccharophiles
- sugar loving
- found in compost piles / grain silos
82
Autotrophs
self feeders
carbon source = carbon
83
Photoautotroph
Energy is from light
84
Cyanobacteria is an example of what
photosynthetic bacteria
85
Chemoautotrophs
energy from inorganic compounds
86
Heterotrophs
carbon source is organic compounds
feed on others
87
Photoheterotrophs
energy = light
- ex: green non sulfur/ purple non sulfur
88
Chemoheterorophs
energy / carbon source = organic compounds
most bacteria / fungi / protozoa / animals
89
Saprophytes ( feed on dead organic molecules) and parasites are examples of what?
chemoheterotrophs
90
Strict aerobe
-requires oxygen
-oxygen = final electron acceptor
- goes through cellular respiration
91
Cellular respiration stages
- glycolysis (2 atp's)
- kreb's cycle (2 atp's)
- electron transport chain (34 atp's)
92
How many atps does bacteria create
38
93
how many atps do eukaryotes create?
36
94
where is glucose in bacteria located during atp synthesis
cell membrane
95
where is glucose in eukaryotes located during atp synthesis
mitochondria
96
strict aerobe
growth at top of the tube
strictly needs oxygen
97
Pseudomonas sp. is an example of what type of aerobe
strict aerobe
98
strict anaerobe
- no oxygen
- organic compounds = final electron acceptor
- goes through kreb's cycle -> fermentation process
99
what are the 2 final pathways for strict anaerobes
- anaerobic respiration (less than 38 atps )
- fermentation
100
Fermentation
goes through glycolysis only but then makes an end-product
101
ethanol , lactic acid, sulfur are examples of what during fermentation
end products in fermentation
102
Clostridium sp. is an example of what kind of anaerobe
strict anaerobe
103
Where does strict anaerobe grow in broth tube
at the bottom of tube away from the oxygen
104
Facultative aerobe/ anaerobe
- can live in the presence or abscence of oxygen
- growth throughout the tube
105
E. coli is an example of what
facultative bacteria
106
Microaerophilic
- tolerate small amount of oxygen
- growth is in the middle
107
Neiserria gonorrhoeae is an example of what
microaerophillic
108
what is required in a culture media
proper food elements , temp, oxygen available or not , moisture , pH , and sterile
109
where is agar derived from
algae / marine seaweed
110
Binary fission
generation time or doubling time
111
Binary fission equation
t = 2^n * the number of cells
112
the 4 stages of the bacterial growth curve
1) lag phase
2) log phase
3) stationary phase
4) death phase
113
lag phase
no bacterial growth / preparing for population growth
114
log phase
exponential growth / where binarry fission occurs (more dna replicate)
115
stationary phase
equilibrium of bacteria
116
Death phase
population decreases
117
Genetic recombination
- transfer of genetic information
- exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome
118
what are the 3 methods of genetic recombination
1) transformation
2) conjugation
3) transduction
119
transformation
- take plasmid (piece of DNA) and inserts into plasma or cell wall
- transfer of plasmid from donor cell -> recipient cell
120
Plasmids in transformation
- linear or circular
- can exist inside / outside of cell
- enters through pores of cell wall/ cell membrane
121
are the donor / recipient cell the same species
true
122
conjugation
- cell to cell contact
- opposite mating strains and pili
123
pili purpose during conjugation
used for contact -> contact
124
2 types of cells in during conjugation
F+
F-
125
F+ cell in conjugation
has pili and plasmids
the donor cell
126
F- cell in conjugation
no pili or plasmids (reciepient)
127
HFR ( high frequency of recombination)
plasmid becomes integrated into bacterial chromosome
128
Transduction
- virus or bacteriophage os involved
- virus attaches to bacterial cell
- virus acts as a vector by transporting bacterial DNA from donor cell -> recipient cell
- virus only attack bacteria
- DNA of phase virus integrates into bacteria's chromosomes
129
Capsid
protective mechanism for virus
dna is inside capsid
130
