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Physiology 202 > Unit 2 Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

The alternating flow of air into and out of the lungs

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of respiratory muscles?

A
  • Inspiratory muscles

- expiratory muscles

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3
Q

Function of inspiratory muscles

A

Expand the rib cage during inspiration and drive airflow into the lungs

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4
Q

Function of expiratory muscles

A

Depress the rib cage and force air out of the lungs

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5
Q

What is the skeletal portion of the thorax?

A

Thoracic cage

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6
Q

What bones make up the thoracic cage?

A

Ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum

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7
Q

What is respiratory mechanics?

A

The study of how the respiratory muscles move the rib cage

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8
Q

What does the “respiratory pump” refer to?

A

The respiratory muscles, rib cage, pleural membranes, and lung elastic tissues

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9
Q

What are the 4 inspiratory muscles?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External intercostal muscles
  3. sternocleidomastoid
  4. scalenes
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10
Q

What is the primary inspiratory muscle?

A

diaphragm

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11
Q

What is the function of the external intercostal muscle?

A

moves ribs UP and OUT -> expanding the rib cage

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12
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid

A

elevates the sternum

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13
Q

What is the function of the scalenes

A

elevates the top two ribs

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14
Q

What are the 5 expiratory muscles?

A
  1. internal intercostals
  2. External obliques
  3. internal obliques
  4. transversus abdominis
  5. rectus abdominis
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15
Q

What are the oblique and ab muscles called

A

abdominal muscles

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16
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostals?

A

pull ribs DOWN and IN -> reducing the diameter of the rib cage

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17
Q

What is the function of the abdominal muscles?

A

Depresses the lower ribs and elevates the diaphragm by increasing abdominal pressure

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18
Q

What do both the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles do?

A

they reduce the thoracic cavity volume to force air out of lungs

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19
Q

What is Boyle’s gas law

A

*At a constant temperature

The PRESSURE exerted by a gas is INVERSE to the VOLUME of gas

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20
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

Throacic cavity increases in size and volume of lungs expands

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21
Q

What muscles contract during quiet, normal inhalation?

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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22
Q

What muscles contract during labored inhalation?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals

AND

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and pectoralis minor

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23
Q

What happens to the pressure during inhalation?

A

Pressure decreases

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24
Q

What happens during exhalation

A

thoracic cavity decreases in size and lungs recoil

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25
What muscles RELAX during quiet, normal exhalation?
diaphragm and external intercostals
26
What muscles contract during forceful exhalation?
abdominal and internal intercostal muscles
27
What happens to pressure during exhalation?
pressure increase
28
Which way do lungs move physically?
lung tissue rapidly collapses inward
29
Which way does the chest wall move?
springs outward
30
What happens to the recoil forces and respiratory muscles between breaths?
recoil forces are equal and respiratory muscles are at rest
31
Define intra-pleural pressure (Pip)
the fluid pressure in the pleural cavity which surrounds the lungs
32
Define intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)
the air pressure inside the alveoli
33
Which pressure is higher? Intra-pleural or intra-alveolar pressure?
Intra-alveolar pressure
34
Define transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)
distending pressure exerted on the lungs
35
How do you calculated transpulmonary pressure
Alveolar pressure - pleural pressure Ptp = Palv - Pip
36
What happens to pressure during inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: pressure decreases Expiration: pressure increases
37
What is the Pip, Palv and Ptp at rest?
Palv = 760 mmHg Pip = 756 mmHg Ptp = 4 mmHg
38
What is the Pip, Palv and Ptp during inhalation?
Palv = 758 mmHg Pip = 754 mmHg Ptp = 4 mmHg
39
What is the Pip, Palv and Ptp during exhalation?
Palv = 762 mmHg Pip = 756 mmHg Ptp = 6 mmHg
40
What is the Pip, Palv and Ptp during a tidal breath?
Palv = 760 mmHg Pip = 754 mmHg Ptp = 6 mmHg
41
Define end-expiratory lung volume
The volume of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of expiration
42
What is another name for end-expiratory lung volume?
Functional residual capacity
43
what value is the end-expiratory lung volume?
2 liters
44
What is the alveolar pressure between breaths?
0 mmHg
45
What is the intra-pleual pressure between breaths?
< -2
46
What is a spirogram?
a tool that measures respiration
47
What is tidal volume
the amount of air the moves in and out of your lungs at rest
48
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air we breath in (above tidal volume) during forced inspiration
49
What is inspiratory capacity?
inspiratory reserve + tidal volume = total amount we breath IN
50
What is expiratory reserve
the amount of air we breath out below tidal volume
51
What is vital capacity?
the amount of air we breath IN AND OUT during labored breathing
52
What is residual volume
the amount of air that stays in the lungs that we DO NOT breath out
53
What is functional residual capacity (FRC)
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume = total amount of air that could potentially be exhaled
54
what is the total lung capacity
the TOTAL amount of air lungs can hold between both inspiration and expiration
55
define lung compliance
the ease at which the lungs can be inflated
56
What does emphysema do?
increases lung compliance and raises FRC
57
What does fibrosis do?
decreases lung compliance and decreases FRC
58
What is dead space?
of all the air that is inhaled, the air that remains in the upper respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi) where no gas exchange occurs is the "dead space"
59
Define pulmonary ventilation
a measure of the rate of lung ventiation
60
what is the formula for pulmonary ventilation
= tidal volume X breathing frequency (beats/min)
61
Define alveolar ventilation
a measure of the rate at which air actually ventilates the alveoli
62
what is the formula for alveolar ventilation?
(tidal volume - dead space) X breathing frequency
63
What does a large FRC mean?
labored breathing
64
What does a small FRC mean?
large fluctuations in O2 and CO2
65
What is the formula for lung compliance?
Complience = Change in Volume / Change in Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)
66
What value is a normal tidal breath?
500 mL
67
How many mL of tidal breath reaches alveolar air?
350 mL
68
How many mL of tidal breath is left in dead space?
150 mL

Physiology 202 (43 decks)

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