Unit 3 Lecture 16

Question 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

1. Drain excess interstitial fluid
2. Transport dietary lipids
3. Carry out immune responses

Question 2

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 2

1. Red bone marrow

2. Thymus

Question 3

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

Answer 3

1. Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
3. Lymphatic nodules/ follicles

Question 4

What do lymphatic vessels do to excess interstitial fluid?

Answer 4

drains excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood stream

Question 5

Where are lymph capillaries found

Answer 5

Adjacent to blood capillaries

Question 6

Describe characteristics of lymph capillaries

Answer 6

• larger than blood capillaries

- “one way” valves

Question 7

Name the pathway of the lymphatic system

Answer 7

Lymphatic capillaries -> lymph node -> lymphatic duct (left and right) -> lymphatic vessel -> valve -> lymph node -> lymphatic capillary

Question 8

How many lymphatic ducts are in the body?

Answer 8

2

Thoracic (left) and right lymphatic duct

Question 9

What are the body’s innate defenses? (Line of defense)

Answer 9

1. physical barriers
2. fevers
3. inflammation
4. cells and chemicals

Question 10

What do the “lines of defense” fight?

Answer 10

invasion by pathogens (bacteria, viruses etc)

Question 11

What is the first line of defense?

Answer 11

Physical barriers

Question 12

What are types of physical barriers?

Answer 12

1. Skin
2. Mucus membranes
3. hairs and cilia
4. acid
5. tears

Question 13

How does skin fight pathogenic invasions?

Answer 13

• Sebaceous glands
• sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
• lysozyme

Question 14

What in mucus membranes fights pathogenic invasions?

Answer 14

• mucus is secreted by specialized epithelial cells called goblet cells

Question 15

What on hairs and cilia fight pathogens?

Answer 15

• mucus coated hairs

- cilia on specialized epithelial cells that line the trachea

Question 16

What is the pH of stomach acid?

Answer 16

2.0

Question 17

What is found in tears?

Answer 17

lysozyme

Question 18

What do invading microorganisms cause in relation to fevers?

Answer 18

Abnormally high body temperature

Question 19

What is pyrogen?

Answer 19

a chemical secreted by leukocytes and macrophages that deals with fevers

Question 20

What does pyrogen trigger in the body?

Answer 20

It resets the body’s thermostat upward

Question 21

What does high fevers do to enzymes?

Answer 21

High fevers are dangerous because is causes denature enzymes

Question 22

How are moderate fevers beneficial?

Answer 22

• it causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc…. bad levels of this can cause bacteria
• increases metabolic rate -> repairs tissues faster
• triggers production of interferons

Question 23

What are the functions of the inflammatory response?

Answer 23

• prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
• disposes of cell debris and pathogens
• sets the stage for repair processes

Question 24

What 4 signs show acute inflammation?

Answer 24

• redness
• heat
• swelling
• pain

Question 25

What type of cells are vital in fighting infections?

Answer 25

White blood cells

Question 26

What type of white blood cells is the most abundant in the body?

Answer 26

Neutrophils

Question 27

What are the overall functions of white blood cells?

Answer 27

- attacks microorganism directly | - hindering their ability of microorganism to move, grow and reproduce

Question 28

What is the importance of the neutrophil?

Answer 28

fastest responder to bacteria

Question 29

What are the function of neutrophils

Answer 29

DESTROY BACTERIA by releasing lysozomes and strong oxidants (H2O2)

Question 30

What is the importance of basophils?

Answer 30

Exit capillaries at sites of inflammation and play a role in allergic reactions

Question 31

What is the function of basophils?

Answer 31

- releases hormones to raise inflammatory response | - contribute to allergic reactions

Question 32

What is the importance of eosinophils?

Answer 32

- Responds to and attacks parasites - enters ISF and releases histamines - phagocytizes antibody-antigen complexes

Question 33

What happens when eosinophils enters ISF and releases histamines?

Answer 33

slows down inflammation caused by basophils

Question 34

Describe the main types of lymphocytes

Answer 34

- most types involved in adaptive immunity | - natural killer (NK) cells are involved in innate immunity (line of defense)

Question 35

What type of lymphocytes (cells) are involved in adaptive immunity?

Answer 35

- B lymphocytes (B cells) | - T lymphocytes (T cells)

Question 36

What are the functions of natural killer (NK) cells?

Answer 36

- kill virus infected cells | - kill tumor cells

Question 37

What is the importance of monocytes?

Answer 37

arrive late to infections but in BIG numbers

Question 38

What is the functions of monocytes?

Answer 38

- destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue after infection | - wandering macrophages in ISF

Question 39

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 39

specialized class of t-lymphocytes which perform innate functions

Question 40

What is the name of the process that NK cells "kill"

Answer 40

cytolysis

Question 41

How does cytolysis work?

Answer 41

NK cells secretes a chemical known as perforin which punches holes in the cell membrane

Question 42

What does low NK cell count mean?

Answer 42

HIV/AIDS

Question 43

What proteins are responsible for the destruction of cells?

Answer 43

Antimicrobial proteins

Question 44

What is the importance of antimicrobial proteins?

Answer 44

enhance the innate defenses (line of defense)

Question 45

What are the specific functions of antimicrobial / antiviral proteins?

Answer 45

- attack microorganisms directly | - hinder the ability of some microorganism to reproduce

Question 46

What are the two most important types of antimicrobial proteins?

Answer 46

1. Interferons | 2. Complement proteins

Question 47

Where are interferons produced?

Answer 47

- Virus infected body cells - T-lymphocytes - natural killer cells - macrophages

Question 48

What are interferons?

Answer 48

a substance released by immune cells that alter the activity of other cells

Question 49

What do interferons trigger on the cell they stimulate?

Answer 49

Triggers stimulation of anti-viral proteins by the non-infected cell

Question 50

What is the purpose of complement proteins?

Answer 50

"complement" or enhance the action of antibodies *attach to antigen-antibody complexes

Question 51

What do complement proteins do to antigen-antibody complexes?

Answer 51

* attaches to their membrane | - forms a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) which punches holes in bacterial cell membranes

Question 52

What is the end result of MAC?

Answer 52

phagocytosis and inflammation