Unit 2 Lecture 15

Question 1

What type of muscles are respiratory muscles?

Answer 1

skeletal muscles

Question 2

What type of neurons control skeletal muscles?

Answer 2

motor neurons

Question 3

What are respiratory muscles controlled by?

Answer 3

autonomic and voluntary controls

Question 4

Autonomic respiratory muscles depend on what type of neurons?

Answer 4

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons

Question 5

Where are inspiratory and expiratory neurons found?

Answer 5

medulla oblongata

Question 6

Where are the inspiratory neurons localized?

Answer 6

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Question 7

Where are the expiratory neurons localized?

Answer 7

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Question 8

Where is the DRG in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 8

Bottom left

Question 9

Where is the VRG in the medulla oblongata?

Answer 9

Bottom right

Question 10

What specific type of neurons are the DRG and VRG?

Answer 10

pre-motor neurons

*they synapse on motor neurons in the spinal cord

Question 11

Do expiratory or inspiratory neurons control breathing?

Answer 11

Inspiratory neurons

Question 12

What group is the inspiratory neurons again?

Answer 12

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Question 13

How do the inspiratory neurons control breathing?

Answer 13

Rhythm-generating “pacemaker-like” neurons that synapse on them

Question 14

How do expiratory neurons activated for breathing?

Answer 14

Activated when breathing activity must be increased

Question 15

What muslces does the DRG stimulate?

Answer 15

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

Question 16

What muscles does the VRG stimulate?

Answer 16

external intercostals (for labored expiration)

Question 17

Where is the pneumotaxic center in the pons?

Answer 17

Top right

Question 18

Where is the apneustic center in the pons?

Answer 18

Top left

Question 19

Where does the pneumotaxic and apneustic center synapse?

Answer 19

The dorsal respiratory group

Question 20

What effect does the pneumotaxic center have on the DRG?

Answer 20

negative effect

*it inhibits things

Question 21

What effect does the apneustic center have on the DRG?

Answer 21

positive effect

*it stimulates things

Question 22

What causes changes in breathing?

Answer 22

Difference in gas

Question 23

What senses a difference in gas and triggers respiratory neurons?

Answer 23

specialized receptors

Question 24

What are the 3 receptors for ventilation?

Answer 24

1. Pulmonary stretch receptors
2. Central chemoreceptors
3. Peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 25

What stimulates the pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 25

"when bronchioles are inflated or stretched" * when lung size changes

Question 26

What nerve innervates the pulmonary stretch receptor?

Answer 26

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

Question 27

During inhibition of the pneumotaxic center, what happens to the DRG?

Answer 27

the DRG switches from inspiration to expiration more quickly

Question 28

What stimulates the central chemoreceptors?

Answer 28

LOW pH and HIGH CO2 levels

Question 29

What stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 29

LOW O2 levels

Question 30

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

Answer 30

Aortic arch and the carotid sinus

Question 31

What nerves innervate peripheral chemoreceptors?

Answer 31

CN IX and X

Question 32

Where are the pulmonary stretch receptors found?

Answer 32

Smooth muscle that lines airways, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 33

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

Answer 33

Beneath the ventral surface of the medulla