- Water - Plasma Proteins - Other substances

Unit 2 Lecture 9 Flashcards by Emma Carlton

What makes up the total body mass in males?

40% solids

60% fluids

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What type of fluids are found in the body?

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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What makes up extracellular fluid (ECF)?

80% interstitial fluid

20% plasma (blood)

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How does nutrients and oxygen diffuse into cells?

Blood -> interstitial fluid -> cell

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How does waste travel in the body?

In opposite directions of nutrients

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Define hematology

the study of blood and blood disorders

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What is the composition of blood?

Plasma

2. Formed elements

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What is plasma?

Water
Plasma Proteins
Other substances

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What is “formed elements”?

cells and cell fragments found in blood

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Where are plasma proteins made and found?

Made: liver

Found: bloodstream

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What are the 3 main plasma proteins found in blood?

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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Function of albumins protein

maintains blood osmotic pressure

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What does blood osmotic pressure do?

Brings liquids into cell

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What is a globulin (immunoglobulin)?

an antibody that attacks foreign antigens

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What is the function of globulin?

Forms antigen-antibody complexes

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What is the function for fibrinogen?

Promotes clotting

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What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

Blood serum doesn’t have fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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What cells make up “formed elements”

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platlets (thrombocytes)

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What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

granular leukocytes

- agranular leukocytes

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Name 3 types of granular leukocytes

Neutrophilis
Eosinophils
Basophils

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Name 2 types of agranular leukocytes

lymphocytes

2. monocytes

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What is the difference betweem -blast and -cyte?

blast = immature cell

- cyte = mature cell

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What hormone stimulates production of RBC’s

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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What is another term for platlet?

Thrombocyte

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what is the major function of platlets

promotes blood clotting

What is hematocrit?

The ratio of the volume of RBC to the total volume of blood

What is the average hematocrit for females and males?

females: 42% males: 46%

What is anemia?

Not enough RBCs for proper O2 transportation

What is polycythemia?

Excess RBCs (over 65%) -> dehydration, blood doping in athletes

Of the 3 blood plasma proteins, which is found the most and the least in the body?

most: Albumins 54% least: fibrinogen 7%

Of the formed elements in blood, is RBC, WBC, or platlets found more?

red blood cells

What type of white blood cell is found the most in blood?

Neutrophils 60-70%

Characteristics of RBCs

- shaped like discs - 8 micrometers - NO nucleus - changes shape easily - filled w/ HEMOGLOBIN

What is the function of hemoglobin (hb)?

It carries O2

Hemoglobin characteristics

- 4 large protein chains | - Heme group

What is a heme group?

a porphyrin "ring" that surrounds a single iron molecule in each protein chain

What can each iron in the protein chains of hemoglobin bind to?

O2 *4 irons -> 4 O2 total

Where does the O2 bind to hemoglobin?

In capillaries of the lungs

What circulation system sends hemoglobin O2 to the rest of the body?

Systemic circulation

What else does hemoglobin send to the body?

CO2

How does CO2 bind to hemoglobin?

binds to amino acids in -globin part of hemoglobin (NOT HEME)

What is erythropoiesis?

Red blood cell formation

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

red bone marrow

How are red blood cells (erythrocyte) made?

hemopoietic stem cell-> myeloid stem cells -> proerythroblasts -> erythroblast -> reticulocytes -> gets hemoglobin and kicks out nucleus -> erythrocyte

What 3 HORMONES stimulate the creation of blood?

- Erythropoietin (EPO) - Thrombopoietin (TPO) - Cytokines

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

Stimulates erythropoiesis (creation of red blood cells)

Where is erythropoietin produced?

KIDNEYS

What does thrombopoietin do?

Stimulates platelet formation

Where is the thrombopoietin hormone produced?

LIVER

What is cytokines?

local hormones in bone marrow

What does cytokines stimulate?

WBC production

What stimulates cytokines to produce WBC?

colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins

Where is cytokines produced?

BONE MARROW?

What is erythropoietin (EPO) effective in treating?

desceased RBC production of end-stage kidney disease

What does thrombopoietin (TPO) help prevent?

Platelet depletion during chemothrerapy

How long do RBC live?

120 days

How are worn out RBCs removed from body?

macrophages in spleen and liver

During recycling of RBCs, what happens to the "HEME" portion of hemoglobin

split into iron (Fe3+) and biliverdin (green pigment)

Where is iron (Fe3+) stored in the body?

liver, muscle, or spleen

How does blood travel to bone marrow?

transported in blood attached to transferrin protein

What is biliverdin converted to in macrophages in the spleen, liver, or red bone marrow?

Bilirubin

What does the liver secrete bilirubin as?

Bile

What is bile secreted in the intestine used for?

digestion

What does Bilirubin turn into in the large intestine?

Urobilinogen

What happens to urobilinogen?

it is reabsorbed, coverted into robilin and excreted via the KIDNEY and URINE

What is the main difference between WBC and RBD

WBC have a nucleus but no hemoglobin RBC have hemoglobin but no nucleus

Define leukocytosis?

condition with high white blood cell count

Define leukopenia

Condition with low white blood cell count

Where is WBC found in circulation?

2% in blood - rest in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen

How do WBC travel through vessels?

they roll, stick to wall, and squeeze out between cells

What helps WBC stick to endothelium wall?

selectins

What on WBC helps them move through the vessel wall?

integrins

What is phagocytosis?

"cell eating" of bacteria

What cell performs phagocytosis?

monocytes

What type of WBC performs phagocytosis the least?

Eosinophils

What are the 3 processes of phagocytosis?

1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence and Ingestion 3. Destruction

What happens during chemotaxis?

- phagocytic cell goes to site of infection | - chemicals released by infected cell/ pathogen attract the phagocyte

What happens during adherence and ingestion

- phagocyte gets attached to pathogen / infected cell membrane - ingestion starts by enveloping pseudopodia -> a phagosome

What happens during destruction

- phagosome fuses with a lysosome -> phagolyosome - lysozymes (a destructive chemical from the lysosome) destroys the membrane - dead cell removed by exocytosis

How does a bone marrow transplant happen?

- destroy sick bone marrow with radiation and chemo - put sample of donor marrow into patients vein for re-seeding of bone marrow - success depends on patient donor compatibility

What is bone marrow transplants used for?

leukemia, sickle-cell, breast, ovarian or testicular cancer, lymphoma, or aplastic anemia