Unit 3 Quiz (CH)

Question 0

Mohammad

Answer 0

• Mohammad had a prophetic call when angel Gabriel visited him brought him revelations from god (Allah)
• Koran (Qu’ran) = Book of these revelations
• Islam= means”Submission”

Question 1

Five Pillars of Faith

Answer 1

• Testimony of Faith: No god but Allah, Muhammad is messenger of Allah
• Giving Zakat: Set aside things for those in need
• Prayer: 5 times a day and certain times
• Fasting: During Ramadan, do not eat pork
• Pilgrimage (Hajj): Travel to Mecca once during lifetime

Question 2

Similarities between Christianity and Islam

Answer 2

• Monotheistic: Belief in one God
• Same patriarchs- Abraham, Isaac, Jacob
• Revelation
• Scripture
• The resurrection of the dead
• The centrality of the religious community
  
  • Church: Christian & umma: Islam
• Hold Mary in high regard (mentioned more in the Qu’ran than in the Bible)

Question 3

History of Islam

Answer 3

• Mohammad returned to Mecca where he preached and brought many to the faith
• Persecution by Meccan authorities–> flight to Medina where they established religious and political authority, raised an army to raid Meccan caravans

Question 4

Death of Mohammad

Answer 4

• 632: Death of Mohammad, who had unified the entire Arabian Peninsula religiously and military
• Army grew and spread Islamic faith east and west
• Some Christian cities fell to Muslim control
• Conquered Spain around 711

Question 5

Battle of Tours

Answer 5

• Byzantine Emperor Leo Isaurian stopped Eastern expansion
• Charles Martel (King of the Franks) defeated Muslim invaders and halted further growth in Europe
• Christian identity preserved in parts of Europe

Question 6

Why did Islam successfully spread?

Answer 6

• Did not force conquered civilizations to convert
• Gave Christians and Jews special protections as “People of the Book” (All followed the Old Testament)
• Heavy taxes to non-muslims and exclusion from government jobs and other privileges- incentives to convert
• Offered order and stability in non-Christian areas of warfare

Question 7

Consequences to Church in 8th and 9th Century

Answer 7

• Mediterranean region was under Muslim control
• Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria (3 ancient patriarchs) had fallen and lost their influence
• Center of secular power shifted from Rome to the Franks
• Constantinople never regained its glory
• Constant threat of a new power to overtake the people

Question 8

Feudalism

Answer 8

-Society was ordered around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service and protections

Question 9

Problems w/ Church after Spread of Islam

Answer 9

• Islam is posing a threat to the Church
• Lombards= Germanic tribe expanding into Northern Italy
• Byzantine emperor n Constantinople was less effective protecting Rome
• ** (good)Church seeks help from the Franks (Germanic tribe in Gaul, modern-day France)
• Charles Martel sees no advantage in alliance w/ Pope
• **(good)Successor Pepin agrees to ally w/ papacy

Question 10

Donation of Pepin

Answer 10

• King Pepin’s designation of the central part of Italy to be governed by the Pope–> Papal States
• Pepin believed an alliance would legitimize his rule
• Pope Boniface crowned Pepin ruler
• Pepin made the pope a secular ruler–> became the head of a state like other European rulers

Question 11

St. Boniface

Answer 11

• Bishop and missionary
• Called the Apostle to Germany- thought to have converted the Germans
• Chopped down a sacred tree dedicated to Thor- was not struck dead after this happened, so the people believed in God
• Crowned Pepin the Short, King of the Franks in 751
• Church’s current struggle–> to promote Christian worldview
• Jesus Christ is not just one god among many but the second Person of the Blessed Trinity, the one true God.

Question 12

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Answer 12

• 786: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor after Pepin’s death
• the Frankish kings, not the emperors in Constantinople, are power in Europe
• 800: Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor
• Signaling the unity of Christianity and politics, the oneness of the Church and society in Christendom

Question 13

Entanglements of Church and State

Answer 13

• Committed to protecting the Church and making sure Church law and practices were enforced throughout his empire
• Charlemagne= “Protector of the Papacy”
• High emphasis on learning
• Appointed educated men to gov. positions (Monks, bishops, priests)
• Started schools
• Ambitious ruler and strong military leader
• Oversee the appointment of Church leaders, just as emperor in the Eastern Church would do
• Pope Leo III increasingly dependent and indebted to him

Question 14

Christendom

Answer 14

• Unified blending of one religion and secular power
• Cathedral is center of activity of a town
• Christianity and all aspects of life intertwined
• Christian worldview marked seasons and cycles of people’s lives

Question 15

Lay Investiture

Answer 15

• The appointing of bishops by Feudal lords
• causes problems because they can be unqualified, are not knowledgable about the Church
• if this was still going on today, the Church would be corrupt

Question 16

Simony

Answer 16

• The act of selling or buying Church offices or roles
• Problem because people may not be qualified
• problems arose because people thought they could buy their way into heaven

Question 17

Celibacy

Answer 17

• state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations voluntary, usually for religious regions
• different from being chaste (person can be married and chaste, and you can be both chaste and celibate)
• Problem since men would pass on their stuff, which is part of their church.

Question 18

Two Types of Reform

Answer 18

• Reforms used Gospel message to constantly call Christians back to fidelity to message of Jesus
  1. Reform of monasticism
  2. Reform of Pope Gregory VII

Question 19

Reform of Monasticism

Answer 19

• Abbots and Bishops answering to local secular power made committing to the Gospel and Church’s mission difficult
• 909: Duke William of Aquitaine and monk Berno instituted reforms to monastic life
• Gave land in Cluny, France to Berno to establish monastery —> placed authority under the Pope with monks selecting their own abbott

Question 20

Cluniac Reforms

Answer 20

• Brought about a renewal of Benedictine ( rule of Saint Benedict) spirit
• Poverty, Chastity, Obedience, Ora et Labora (Pray and work)
• Contributed to Medieval art
• Change in moral life of clergy
• Caring for the poor
• New ways to pray–> Liturgy of the Hours (Praying at certain times during the day, 5 times a day)

Question 21

Gregorian Reforms

Answer 21

• Pope Gregory VII initiated many reforms to help Church authority run smoothly
• Revitalize and revolutionize Church organization
• Movement to remove state interference with Church affairs–> paved the way for separation of Church and State
• Fiercely attacked simony and lay investiture–> stressed mora integrity and independence of the clergy
• Stressed importance of celibacy–> return to original purity
• Papal primacy: Pope as Bishop of Rome is head following Peter–> received commission of Christ to lead the Church

Question 22

Reforming the Papacy

Answer 22

• 1057: Pope Nicholas II restricted papal electorate to cardinals (bishops appointed by Pope) instead of all bishops
• Pope Gregory VII developed the conclave= private assembly of cardinals in order to elect a Pope

Question 23

Tensions between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV

Answer 23

• Pope Gregory VII: Church wanted to be independent
• Henry IV: Did not like the Popes ruling, tries to get rid of him
• Greg: excommunicated Henry, told people not to listen to him
• Henry: asks for forgiveness because nervous
• Henry: Performs penance but does not act upon his penance
• Greg: Excommunicates Henry again
• Henry: Takes Rome and got rid of Gregory as Pope
• Greg: Dies in exile

Question 24

Concordat of Worms

Answer 24

1122: - Controversy over lay investiture is resolved in Worms, Germany - Emperor agreed that rulers no longer have authority to appoint bishops - all bishops elected and consecrated by Church authority

Question 25

Christology East vs. West

Answer 25

- West: - Holy Trinity= Three persons in one God - Hypostatic union: Jesus is fully human and fully divine - Mary is "theotokos" (God bearer) - East: - Arianism: Christ is created being who was superior to humans bu inferior to God - Nestorianism: Mary gave birth to human Jesus but not divine - Splits Jesus into 2 persons

Question 26

Filioque (And from the Son) East vs. West

Answer 26

- West: - Holy Spirit descended from the father and from the Son - Added to the Nicene Creed in the 6th Century - East: - Holy Spirit descended fromt he Father and through the Son - Son is viewed as chanel/ messenger

Question 27

Who's the head of the Church East vs. West

Answer 27

- West: - Bishop of Rome (Pope) first because of Apostolic Succession - Authority to call ecumenical councils= group of bishops deciding together - East - Patriarchs should be given more power and authority in the Church