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Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what allowed for photosynthetic plants to move onto land

A

evolution of chloroplasts

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2
Q

Shared derived trait of Plantae

A

primary endosymbiosis

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3
Q

ancestors of Plantae

A

unicellular

similar to glaucophytes

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4
Q

glaucophytes

A

believed to be the sister group to plantae

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5
Q

Red algae

A

multicellular

has phycoerythrin and chlorophyll a

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6
Q

Green Algae

A

contain chlorophyll a and b

store energy as starch

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7
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived trait

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8
Q

Key trait of land plants

A

embryo that is protected by tissues of the parent plant

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9
Q

embryophytes

A

embryo that is protected by tissues of parent plant

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10
Q

Vascular plants

A

tracheophytes

well developed vascular system with fluid conducting cells

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11
Q

tracheids

A

fluid conducting cells

allows transport of water and materials

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12
Q

Nonvascular plants

A

have conduction cells, but no tracheids

form a clade

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13
Q

Land plants development

A

transport systems for water and nutrients
structural support
new ways to disperse gametes and progeny
adapt to dry conditions

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14
Q

Adaptions of land plants

A

cuticle
stomata
gametangia
embryos
pigments that protect against UV radiation
spores with thick walls containing a polymer that prevents drying and decay
mutually beneficial associations with fungi to promote nutrient uptake

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15
Q

Cuticle

A

waxy coating that slows water loss

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16
Q

stomata

A

closable openings that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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17
Q

Gametangia

A

organs that enclose gametes and prevent drying out

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18
Q

Land plants alternation of generations

A

includes multicellular dipliod and haploid stage

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19
Q

Gametes

A

produced by mitosis

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20
Q

Spores

A

produced by meiosis

develop into multicellular haploid organisms

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21
Q

How diploid zygote develops

A

by mitosis and cytokinesis into multicellular embryo which develops into mature diploid

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22
Q

sporophyte

A

multicellular dipliod plants

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23
Q

gametophyte

A

spores develop into multicellular hapliod plant

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24
Q

fusion of gametes

A

produces a diploid zygote which develops into a sporophyte

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25
Nonvascular plants: location
moist habitats bare rocks dead trees
26
Nonvascular Plants characteristics
have thin cuticle mostly small no vascular system to transport water minerals distributed throughout by diffusion
27
Nonvascular Plants - gametophyte
photosynthetic
28
Nonvascular reproduction
sperm must swim or be splashed by water to reach egg
29
Vascular system
specialised tissue for transport of water and materials throughout plant
30
Vascular tissue benefit
allowed land plants to spread to new environments and diversify rapidly
31
Xylem
conducts water and minerals from soil to aerial parts
32
Phloem
conducts products of photosynthesis to use or storage sites
33
lignin
in the cell walls | provides structural support promoting growth
34
Branching benefit
allows more spore production and complex growth patterns
35
Euphyllophytes
clade consisting of monilophytes and seed plants | have overtopping growth
36
overtopping growth
one branch differentiates from and grows beyond the others
37
Megaphylls
more complex leaf, may have arisen from flattening of branch tip
38
Megaspore
develops into female gametophyte
39
Microspore
develops into male gametophyte
40
Seeds
provide secure and lasting dormant stage
41
Trend in plant evolution
sporophyte became less dependent on gametophyte, gametophyte became smaller
42
pollination
arrival of pollen grain near female gamete
43
pollen tube
grows from grain and digests to fertilisation
44
seed makeup
seed coat haploid tissue embryo
45
seed coat
developed from tissues of diploid parent | protect from drying, predators and other damage
46
Haploid tissue
provides nutrients for developing embryo
47
secondary growth
increasing diameter of roots and stems by growth of xylem
48
Gymnosperms
seed plants that dont form flowers or fruits ovules and seeds not protected only have tracheids within xylem
49
Angiosperms
reproductive organs are flowers seeds enclosed in fruits ovules and seeds enclosed in modified leaf
50
carpel
modified leaf
51
XYlem of angiosperms
has vessel elements
52
inflorescence
groups of flowers
53
Stamens
male gamete | composed of filament and anther
54
Carpels
female gamete | base contains ovules
55
Style
stalk of carpel
56
Stigma
place where pollen lands
57
Perfect flowers
have both male and female gametes
58
imperfect flowers
2 types, male and female
59
monoecious
male and female in same plant
60
Dioecious
male and female in different plants
61
Double fertilisation
each pollen grain has 2 male gametes, one combines with egg and other combines with two other hapliod nuclei to form triploid cells
62
Triploid cells
gives rise to endosperm | nourishes embryo
63
Cotyledons
seed leaves | can absorbs and digest endosperms or become photosynthetic
64
Simple fruit
developed from single carpel or fused carpels
65
Multiple fruit
forms from flower cluster
66
monocots
1 cotyledons
67
eudicots
2 cotyledons
68
Fungi
live by absorptive heterotrophy muliticellular and unicellular digestive enzymes are secreted outside body to break down food molecules than absorbed to cells
69
saprobes
absorb nutrients from dead matter
70
parasites
absorb nutrients from living hosts
71
fungi evolution
from unicellular protist with flagellum
72
Myecelium
body of fungi
73
hyphae
individual tubular filaments | absorb nutrients from living plants
74
septate hyphae
subdivided by incomplete crosswalls
75
coenocytic
no septaa but many nuclei
76
Fungi function
decompose dead organisms, waste and recycle minerals | decompose cellulose and lignin
77
facultative parasites
grow on living organisms or independently
78
obligate parasites
grow only on specific living hosts
79
haustoria
branching projections that push through cell walls into cell membrane and absorb nutrients
80
predatory fungi
trap protists and animals | secrete sticky substances and hyphae grow into trapped prey
81
symbiotic relationships
partners live in close, permanent contact with each other
82
mutualistic relationships
benefits both partners
83
Lichens
associations of fungi with unicellular green algae
84
Myocorrhizae
associations of fungi and plant roots
85
Ectomycorrhizae
fungi unwraps around individual cells in root but doesnt penetrate cells
86
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
penetrate root cell walls forming treelike structures inside cell, outside plasma membrane
87
Endophytic fungi
live in aboveground plants but dont harm plant | produce alkaloid compounds that are toxic to animals
88
forms of fungi asexual reproduction
haploid spores produced in sporangia haploid spores form tips of hyphae cell division or budding simple breakages of mycelium
89
Mating types of fungi
no male and female | have distinct mating types
90
lichens
highly sensitive to air pollution
91
fungi - carbon cycle
critical to carbon cycle because of role breaking down dead organic matter

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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