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Biological Systems > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

Endocrine cells

A

secretes hormones into blood

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2
Q

Nerve and endocrine cells - interaction

A

work together to ensure proper functioning of body system

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3
Q

Nerve and endocrine cells - communication

A

most intercellular communication takes place by chemical signals that travel to another cell

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4
Q

Target cell

A

cell that signal molecules bind to in order to trigger response

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5
Q

Nerve control

A

fast and quick

impulses are delivered to highly defined target cells

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6
Q

Endocrine control

A

slow and last a long time in the blood, can alter gene transcription
broadcast to all cells potentially

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7
Q

Nervous system functions

A

controls movement of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Endocrine system function

A

controls prolonged activities

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9
Q

Paracrines

A

chemicals secreted by one cell that affects neighbouring cells

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10
Q

Autocrines

A

chemicals that are secreted into intercellular fluids that diffuse to receptors on very same cell

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11
Q

Hormones

A

carried throughout the body by blood circulation

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

move across the synaptic cleft, secretion may be controlled by impulses that originated far from release site

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13
Q

Pheromones

A

released into environment and affect other individuals

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14
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete substances into a duct or body cavity

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15
Q

Endocrine cells

A

secrete substances into blood

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16
Q

Hormone

A

chemical substance, secreted into blood by endocrine cells that regulate the function of other cells
act at very low blood concentrations

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17
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

resemble neurons
propagate action potentials
cell bodies are in CNS
direct interface between nervous and endocrine system

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18
Q

Nonneural endocrine cells

A

stimulated to secrete hormones by other hormones

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19
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A

water soluble and easily transported in blood
packages in vesicles and released to blood by exocytosis
cant cross cell membrane

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20
Q

Steriod hormones

A

synthesised from cholestrol lipid soluble, bound to carrier proteins in blood

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21
Q

Amine hormones

A

modified amino acids

may be lipid soluble or water soluble `

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22
Q

Hormone binding - on target cell surface

A

binds to part of the receptor protein outside membrane

many receptors are G protein linked

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23
Q

G protein linked receptors

A

initiate second messenger signaling cascades inside target cell

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24
Q

Hormone binding - inside target cell

A

lipid soluble hormones can diffuse through cell membrane

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25
Negative and positive feedback effect on receptor proteins
can influence number of receptor protein per cell | negative feedback stabilizes concentration of hormones
26
Hormones - different cells
can have different effects
27
Peptide hormones - timing
synthesised prior to use and stored, can be released quickly
28
Steroid hormones - timing
usually synthesised on demand, initiation of secretion is slow
29
How hormones are removed from blood
liver and kidneys can degrade hormones enzymatically, or hormones are excreted
30
Peripheral activation
hormones are converted to more active forms after they are secreted
31
Pituitary gland
master gland | secretes hormones that control other glands
32
Posterior pituitary
extension of brain, hormones are synthesised and secreted by brain neurosecretory cells
33
Hypothalamus hormones
antiduirectic | oxytocin
34
antidiurectic hormone
controls water excretion of kidney
35
oxytocin
stimulates uterine contractions during birth and milk flow
36
Anterior pituitary - cells
hormones are synthesised by nonneural endocrine cells
37
Tropic hormones
tropins that control other endocrine glands
38
Adrenocorticotropin
controls adrenal cortex
39
Thyroid stimulating hormone
controls thyroid gland
40
LH and FSH
control gonads
41
Anterior pituitary hormones
``` Adrenocorticotropin Thyriod stimulating Lh FSH Growth hormone prolactin melanocyte stimulating ```
42
Growth Hormone
promotes growth
43
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
changes skin colour cells in amphibians
44
Hypothalamo - hypophysial portal system
controls that secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
45
Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
secrete hormones into blood capillaries in hypothalamus
46
Neurohormones from hypothalamus
releasing hormones | inhibiting hormones
47
Negative feedback control
concentration of hormones secreted by target glands provides information to hypothlamus to increase or decrease production of hormones
48
Neurons
excitable cells that generate and transmit electrical signals make contact with target cells
49
Cell membrane polarity
electrical | outside is more positive than inside
50
Action potential
electrical signals | state of reversed polarity
51
Synapse
cell to cell contact point specialised for signal transmission
52
dendrites
carry signal to cell body
53
cell body
contains nucleus and organelles
54
axon
conducts action potentials away from cell body
55
Presynaptic axon terminals
make contact with other
56
Glial cells
not excitable help orient neurons toward their target cells provide metabolic support for neurons regulate composition of extracellular fluids and perform immune function assists signal transmission across synapse
57
Oligodendrocytes
glia that insulate axons in brain and spinal cord
58
Schwann cells
insulate axons in nerves outside brain and spinal
59
myelin
nonconductive sheath
60
white matter
myelin coated axons
61
grey matter
areas of cell bodies
62
Current
flow of electric charges from place to place | current is based on flow of ions
63
Voltage
exists if positive charges are concentrated in one place and negative charges are concentrated in different place
64
Membrane potential
voltage across membrane | can change rapidly
65
Resting potential
-60 mV negative means that inside cell is electrically negative relative to outside potassium channels are open
66
Sodium potassium pump
uses energy from ATP to move 3 Na ions to outside and 2 K to inside
67
Action potential
rapid large change in membrane potential that reverse membrane polarity only travels in one direction
68
Refractory period
after action potential, Na channels cannot open again for a brief period of time cant depolarise
69
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps where axon is not covered by myelin
70
Chemical synapse
narrow space between cells that an action cannot cross
71
Electrical synapse
cells are joined by gap junctions where cytoplasm is continuous; signal cross with no delay
72
Neuromuscular junctions
chemical synapses between motor neurons and skeletal muscle cells
73
Neurotransmitter types
amino acids biogenic amines peptides
74
Centralisation
integrating neurons clustered together in centralised organs
75
Cephalisation
major integrating areas became concentrated towards anterior end of animal
76
CNS
brain and spinal cord composed of mostly neurons and glial cells interact with sensors and effectors
77
Effectors
cells and tissues that perform actions to carry out orders
78
PNS
neurons outside CNS | brings sensory information from sense organs to CNS and carry orders from CNS to effectors
79
Interneurons
neurons confined to CNS
80
Sensory neurons
sensory receptor cells or neurons that carry signals from sensory cells to CNS
81
Efferent neurons
convey signals from the CNS to muscles or other effectors
82
Motor Neurons
carry signals to skeletal muscles
83
Autonomic nervous system
controls effectors other than skeletal muscles
84
Vertebrate ANS divisions
enteric sympathetic parasympathetic
85
Enteric division
nerve cells internal to gut wall
86
Sympathetic
fight or flight
87
parasympathetic
rest and digests
88
ganglion
axons of preganglionic neurons synapse on second neuron outside the CNS in collection of nerve cell bodies
89
Sympathetic neurontransmitter
postganglionic - norepinephrine | preganglionic - acetylcholine
90
Parasympathetic neurontransmitter
preganglionic and postganglionic - acetylcholine
91
Spinal reflex
afferent information converts to efferent activity without going through the brain
92
Cerebral cortex
outer most layer of cerebral hemisphere
93
Testosterone
steroid excreted by testes and ovaries | levels correlated with aggression and territorality
94
Oestrogen
main female hormone controls menstruation and cycle parental behaviour
95
Oxytocin
immediately prior to birth stimulates uterus to contract elicits maternal behaviour
96
corticosteriods
steroids produced by adrenal cortex involved in stress response, immune reaction rapid expression
97
Forebrain
ceberal cortex cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus
98
Midbrain
tectum and tegmentum
99
Hindbrain
pons medulla oblongata cerebellum
100
frontal lobe
movement and planning
101
parietal lobe
sensory input
102
temporal lobe
language and memory
103
Occipital lobe
vision
104
Left hemisphere
linear thinking mode
105
Right hemisphere
holistic thinking mode

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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