Week One

Question 1

Characteristics of living organisms

Answer 1

Common set of chemical components and similar structures 
Interact with environment
Contain genetic info
Convert external molecules 
Extract energy from environment 
Replicate 
Evolve through gradual change

Question 2

3 domains

Answer 2

Archae
Bacteria
Eukaryotes

Question 3

Human makeup

Answer 3

Atoms
Small molecules
Large molecules, proteins and nuclei acid
DNA 
Cells
Cell specialisation 
Tissue
Organ
Organ systems 
Mutlicellular organisms

Question 4

Theory of evolution

Answer 4

Organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical and behavioural traits to better adapt to their environment

Question 5

Natural selection

Answer 5

Leads to adaptions, structural, physical or behavioural traits that enhance survival

Question 6

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 6

Left by themselves, organised entities tend to become more random
Energy is required for cells to combat tendency for their structures to lose organisation

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

Made up of 2 strands of linked sequences of nucleotides

4 nucleotides - C,G,A,T

Question 8

Gene

Answer 8

Consists of specific sequence

Contains info for making certain protein

Question 9

Proteins

Answer 9

Govern chemical reactions

Question 10

Endosymbiosis

Answer 10

Larger cells engulfing small cells

Question 11

Cellular specialisation

Answer 11

Become specialised to perform certain functions

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

Happens when genome is replicated

Question 13

Mutation effect

Answer 13

Gives rise to structural and functio changes
Alters nucleotide sequence as well as proteins
Harmful or no effect, but may improve organism function

Question 14

Positive feedback

Answer 14

Destabilises the system

Question 15

Negative feedback

Answer 15

Stabilises a system

Question 16

Formation of nuclei acids

Answer 16

Reproduced and contain information to produce proteins

Question 17

Organisms start

Answer 17

Started as unicellular prokaryotes confined to ocean to be protected by uv light

Question 18

Lack of o2

Answer 18

No protective 03 layer

Question 19

Photosynthesis evolution

Answer 19

O2 was a by product and harmful to most prokaryotes
Organisms that tolerated o2 evolved aerobic metabolism and grew larger
O2 produced layer of ozone which absorbed harmful uv and organisms move from sea to land

Question 20

Proximate explanations

Answer 20

Immediate genetic, physiological, neurological and developmental processes that explain how adaption works

Question 21

Ultimate explanations

Answer 21

Processes that led to the evolution of an adaption

Question 22

Theory

Answer 22

Body of scientific work which is tested and well established facts and principles are used to make predictions

Question 23

Scientific method

Answer 23

Observations
Questions
Hypotheses 
Predictions
Testing

Question 24

Controlled experiments

Answer 24

Manipulate factors

Question 25

Independent variables

Answer 25

The variable being measured

Question 26

Dependent variable

Answer 26

The response that is measured

Question 27

Comparative experiments

Answer 27

Difference between samples and groups, variables not controlled

Question 28

Evolution of cells

Answer 28

``` 4.5 billion years ago cell nuclei is made Cell membranes are formed Prokaryotes develop Endosymbiosis Eukaryotes Eukaryotes don't seperate Cell specialise ```

Question 29

Binomial naming

Answer 29

Genus then species

Question 30

Hierarchy of life

Answer 30

``` Atoms Molecules Cells Cell specialisation Tissues Organs Organ systems Population Community Landscape Biosphere ```

Question 31

Endosymbiosis Theory

Answer 31

Theory that eukaryotic cells evolved via the engulfing of one prokaryotic cell by another

Question 32

Nucleic Acid

Answer 32

Polymer made of nucleotides, specialised for storage, transmission and expression of genetic info

Question 33

Null hypothesis

Answer 33

The premise that any differences observed in an experiment are simply the result of random differences that arise from drawing two finite samples from same populations

Question 34

Cellular respiration

Answer 34

Catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to o2, generating h2o and releasing energy

Question 35

Adaption

Answer 35

The evolutionary process that leads to the development or persistence of such a trait

Question 36

Genome

Answer 36

Complete DNA sequence for a particular organism

Question 37

Computational model

Answer 37

System in which the interactions among components are expressed as mathematical functions

Question 38

Regulatory system

Answer 38

System that uses feedback information to maintain a physiological function or parameter at optimum level