Week 6

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

the change in genetic composition of populations over time

Question 2

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 2

understanding and application of the processes of evolutionary change to biological problems

Question 3

Theory

Answer 3

untested hypothesis

Question 4

Darwins Evolutionary Theory

Answer 4

species change over time
divergent species share a common ancestor
Natural selection is the mechanism that produces change

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

a group of individuals of a single species that live and interbreed in a particular geographic area

Question 6

Mutation

Answer 6

any change in a nucleotide sequence
occurs randomly with respect to organisms needs
can be benefical, harmful or have no effect

Question 7

Gene pool

Answer 7

sum of all copies of all alleles at all loci in a population

Question 8

Allele Frequency

Answer 8

proportion of each allele in the gene pool

Question 9

Genotype frequency

Answer 9

proportion of each genotype among individuals in the population

Question 10

Natural selection - Darwin name

Answer 10

descent with modification

Question 11

Natural Selection

Answer 11

far more individuals are born than survive to reproduce
offsprings resemble parents but arent identical
difference among individuals affect their chances of survival and reproduction

Question 12

Adaption

Answer 12

a favoured trait that evolves through natural selection

Question 13

Genetic Drift

Answer 13

random changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next

Question 14

Population bottleneck

Answer 14

environmental event results in the survival of only a few individuals
can result in genetic drift
populations loose much of their genetic variation

Question 15

Founder Effect

Answer 15

genetic drift changes allele frequencies when a few individuals colonise a new area

Question 16

Non random mating

Answer 16

when individuals prefer others of the same genotype,

Question 17

Non random mating - homozygous genotypes

Answer 17

increase

Question 18

Non random mating - heterozygous genotypes

Answer 18

decrease

Question 19

Sexual selection

Answer 19

occurs when individuals of one sex mate preferentially with particular individuals of the opposite sex rather than at random

Question 20

Linnean Taxonomic system

Answer 20

Kingdom
phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 21

Darwin’s 6 Key points

Answer 21

Variation
Heritability
Competition 
Natural Selection 
Adaption
Genetic Basis

Question 22

Wallace’s Line

Answer 22

faunal boundary line drawn by Alfred wallace that seperates the ecozones of Asia and Australia

Question 23

General Characteristics of animals

Answer 23

multicellularity
heterotrophy
internal digestion
motility

Question 24

Monophyletic

Answer 24

all animals have a common ancestor

Question 25

Synapomorphies

Answer 25

unique junctions between cells

Question 26

colony efficiency

Answer 26

more efficient at prey captue than single cells | cells begin to specialise

Question 27

Developmental patterns

Answer 27

distinct layers of cells form in early development

Question 28

Diploblastic

Answer 28

2 cell layers ectoderm and endoderm

Question 29

Triploblastic

Answer 29

3 cell layers ectoderm endoderm and mesoderm | divided into 2 categories

Question 30

protostomes

Answer 30

blastopore develops into a mouth

Question 31

deuterostomes

Answer 31

blastopore develops into anus first

Question 32

Gastrulation

Answer 32

embryo is hollow ball of cells that indents to form blastopore

Question 33

Body plan

Answer 33

general structure, arrangement of organ systems

Question 34

Four Key Features

Answer 34

symmetry body cavity segmentation external appendages

Question 35

Symmetry

Answer 35

overall shape

Question 36

Radial symmetry

Answer 36

body parts arranged around central axis

Question 37

Bilateral symmetry

Answer 37

can be divided into mirror image halves on only one plane

Question 38

Cephalization

Answer 38

bilateral symmetry | concetration of sensory organs and nerve tissue at anterior end

Question 39

Acoelomate

Answer 39

lacks fluid filled space, space between gut and body wall is filled with cells that have cilia

Question 40

Pseudocoelomate

Answer 40

fluid filled space in which intenal organs are suspended, no inner mesoderm

Question 41

pseudocoel

Answer 41

enclosed by muscles only on outside

Question 42

Coelomate

Answer 42

body cavity is a coelom that develops within mesoderm | peritoneum lines internal organs

Question 43

Segmentation

Answer 43

facilitates specialisation of body regions | allows animals to alter body shape and control movement

Question 44

Appendages

Answer 44

enhance animals abililty to move and find food, avoid predators and find mates limbs allow highly controlled rapid movement

Question 45

criteria of being an animal

Answer 45

``` multicellular no cell walls nerve and muscle tissue most reproduce sexually have hox genes ```

Question 46

hox genes

Answer 46

regulate the expression of other genes