Week 4

Question 1

energy Storage

Answer 1

stored in chemical bonds and released and transformed by metabolic pathways

Question 2

Free Energy

Answer 2

available to do work

Question 3

Metabolic Principle 1

Answer 3

chemical transformations occur in series of intermediate reactions that form a metabolic pathway

Question 4

Metabolic Principle 2

Answer 4

Each reaction is catalysed by a specific enzyme

Question 5

Metabolic Principle 3

Answer 5

Most Metabolic pathways are similar and are controlled by enzymes that are inhibited or actived

Question 6

Metabolic Principle 4

Answer 6

In eukaryotes metabolic pathways occur inside organelles

Question 7

Endergonic

Answer 7

energy requiring

Question 8

Exergonic

Answer 8

energy releasing

Question 9

Hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 9

exergonic

produces ADP and free energy

Question 10

Reduction

Answer 10

gain of electrons

Question 11

Oxidation

Answer 11

loss electrons

Question 12

The more reduced a molecule

Answer 12

more energy in bond

Question 13

NAD+

Answer 13

oxidizing form

Question 14

NADH

Answer 14

reducing form

Question 15

Catabolic Reactions

Answer 15

usually release energy that is used to drive chemical reactions

Question 16

Anabolism

Answer 16

chemcial reactions which substances are combined to form complex molecules
requires energy
build new molecules and store energy

Question 17

Cellular Respiration

Answer 17

metabolic reactions used to harvest energy

energy is released when reduced molecules with many c & H bonds are fully oxidised into CO2

Question 18

Glycolysis

Answer 18

takes place in cytosol

- final products are 2 pyruvite, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 19

Pyruvate Oxidation

Answer 19

occurs in mitochondria
produces CO2 and acetate, acetate is then bonded to CoEnzymeA to form acetyl CoA
NAD+ goes to NADH

Question 20

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 20

occurs in mitochondria
operates for every 2 molecules of glucose
starts with acetyl CoA, acetyl is oxidised into 2 CO2

Question 21

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 21

NADH oxidation is used to actively transport H+ across inner membrane
diffusion of H+ back across drives synthesis of ATP

Question 22

Electron Transport

Answer 22

electrons from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 pass from one carrier to the next chain
exergonic
transports H+ across membrane

Question 23

ATP Synthase

Answer 23

uses H+ gradient to drive ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis

converts potential energy of H+ gradient into chemical energy

Question 24

Chemiosmosis

Answer 24

movement of ions across semi permeable barrier from region of high to low

Question 25

ATP synthase place

Answer 25

prokaryotes - gradient is across cell membrane | eukaryotes - chemiosmosis occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 26

Fermentation

Answer 26

lactic acid and alcoholic

Question 27

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 27

NADH is used to reduce Pyruvate into lactic acid

Question 28

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 28

end product is ethyl alcohol | pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2 is released. NADH is used to reduce acetaldehyde to ethanol

Question 29

Catabolism

Answer 29

polysaccharides are hydrolysed to glucose which enters glycolsis lipid breakdown to fatty acids proteins are hydrolysed to amino acids that can feed into glycolysis

Question 30

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 30

citric acid cycle and glycolysis is reduced to form glucose

Question 31

Photosynthesis equation

Answer 31

6CO2 + 12H2O +light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 32

Cellular Respiration

Answer 32

6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy

Question 33

Photosynthesis Light Reaction

Answer 33

converts light energy to chemical energy

Question 34

Photosynthesis: carbon fixation

Answer 34

uses ATP and NADH to produce carbs

Question 35

Cyclic Electron Transport

Answer 35

uses photosystem 1 and produces ATP | electron is passed from excited chlorophyll, through electron transport chain, and recycles back to same chlorphyll

Question 36

Calvin Cycle

Answer 36

energy in ATP and NADH is used to fix CO2 in reduced forms in carbs in stroma

Question 37

Autotrophs

Answer 37

synthesise energy to supoort their own growth

Question 38

Heterotrophs

Answer 38

cannot photosynthesise and depends on autotrophs

Question 39

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 39

releases energy cellular respiration catabolism

Question 40

Endegonic Reaction

Answer 40

Requires energy active transport cell movement anabolism

Question 41

Synthesis of Atp

Answer 41

glycolysis - pyruvate oxidation - citric acid cycle - electron transport chain/ atp synthesis