Week 3 Flashcards by Yasmin bishop

Cell theory

Cells are fundamental units of life
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre existing cells

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What limits cells

Surface area to volume ratio

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Surface area decrease

Size increases

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Volume of cell determines

Amount of metabolic activity

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Surface area determines

Amount of substance that can enter from outside and amount of waste product that can exist

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Why cells must maintain large surface area

In order to function

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How irregular shaped cells maintain large ratio

Folds in cell membrane

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Light microscope

Uses glass lense and visible light

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Electron microscope

Uses electron beam and focused by magnets to illuminate a specimen
- specimens are preserved and stained so live cells can’t be visualised

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Cell membrane

Semi permeable
Communication with other cells and receives signals
Bonds to other cells

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Prokaryote structure

Cell membrane encloses cell
Nuceliod - where DNA is
Cytoplasm - liquid component and cytosol
Ribosomes - rna and proteins

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Internal membrane

Allows bacteria to carry out photosynthesis

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Nuclear envelope

Separates DNA transcription (in nucleus) from translation (in cytoplasm)

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Cytoskeleton

Supports she’ll and maintains shape
Holds cell organelles in position
Moves organelles and other particles around

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Microfilaments

Helps cell move

Determine and stabilise cell shape

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Intermediate filaments

Fibrous keratin proteins
Anchors cells in place
Resists tension

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Microtubules

Long, hollow
Form rigid internal skeleton
Acts as framework with motor proteins move along

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Extracellular membrane

Fibrous macromolecules

Gel like medium

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Plant cell wall - extracellular

Provides support to the cell and limits volume
Acts as barrier to infection
Contributes to form by controlling direction of cell expansion

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ECM

Holds cell together
Contributes to physical properties
Filters materials passing between tissue

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Tight junctions

Prevents substances from moving through cells

Desmosome

Prevents substances from moving through cells

Gap junctions

Channels that allow substances to pass

What determines membrane structure

It’s lipids and proteins and carbs

Membrane fluidity

Increased by lipid composition and temp

Integral membrane proteins

Particully embeddedd through bi layer

Transmembrane proteins

Extended through bi layer and have different function each side

Primary active transport

Direct hydrolysis of atp

Secondary active transport

Uses energy from ion concentration gradient or electrical gradient

Sodium potassium pump

Integral membrane protein that pumps na+ out of a cell and k+ in

Secondary active transport - uses

Uses this regained energy by letting ions move across the membrane with their concentration gradient

Phagocytosis

Cellular eating

Pinocytosis

Cellular drinking

Receptor endocytosis

Brings specific molecules to a cell via specific receptors

Autocrine signals

Affects same cells that realise

Paracrine signals

Difuse to and affect nearby cells

Juxtacrine signals

Requires contact between cells

Hormones

Travel to distant cells

DNA replication and transcription - place

Nucleus

RNA translation

Cytoplasm

ECM

Polycharride chains that help filter nutrients and move structures around

Integrin

Position cell in matrix, adhere cells to other cells

Cholesterol

Interspersed among phospholipid tails and influence the fluidity to fatty acids

Carbs

Attached to outer surfaces of proteins

Simple diffusion

Small non polar molecules

Channel diffusion

Allows polar substance through, substance opens the channel

Carrier diffusion

Bonds to molecules, changes shape to fit through channel then deposits molecule other side

How atp works

When bonds are broken between adenosine and phosphate energy is released

Primary active transport

Hydrolysis of atp

Secondary active transport

Doesn't come directly from atp, comes from previously pumped ion