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Biological Systems > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

heterotrophs

A

get energy and chemical building blocks from eating other organisms

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2
Q

Calorie

A

amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree

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3
Q

Metabolic rate

A

amount of energy an animal converts to heat per day

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4
Q

What most energy is stored as

A

lipids as they store the most energy with little water

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5
Q

Essential nutrients

A

required but cannot be synthesised

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6
Q

Standard amino acids

A

20 amino acids that animals need to build proteins, animals can synthesise some of the nonessential amino acids

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7
Q

Essential amino acids

A

ones that cant be synthesised and must come from food

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8
Q

Vitamins

A

essential nutrients
carbon compounds, needed in tiny amounts
either water or lipid soluble
some animals can synthesise some vitamins

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9
Q

Minerals

A

some are required in large amounts while others are needed in small amounts

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10
Q

Nutrient deficiency

A

malnutrition

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11
Q

Aquatic suspension feeders

A

collect tiny organic particles

have evolved mechanisms for filtering

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12
Q

Symbiosis

A

intimate long term association with microbes that synthesise important nutrients for animals

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13
Q

ruminant mammals

A

cow, sheep - have evolved complex stomachs of four chambers

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14
Q

Rumen

A

complex microbial community of bacteria that break down the chewed food by fermentation

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15
Q

microbes - produce

A

produce some vitamin b and essential amino acids that recycle nitrogen which is used to build proteins

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16
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes in gut lumen to produce smaller molecules

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17
Q

Absorption

A

transport of small molecules for gut lumen into the blood

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18
Q

Mucosa

A

gut epithelium and underlying connetive tissue

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19
Q

Submucosa

A

blood and lymph vessels that carry absorbed nutrients to the rest of the body plus neurons that control secretory functions

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20
Q

Layers of smooth muscle around the submucosa

A

circular

longitudal

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21
Q

circular smooth muscle

A

innermost cells oriented around the gut that constrict the gut

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22
Q

longitudinal muscle

A

outermost cells oriented along the gut that shorten the gut

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23
Q

sphincter muscles

A

control food movement by encircling the gut and contracting tightly to seal off one part of the gut from another

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24
Q

Digestive enzymes

A

break bonds by hydrolysis

classed according to the type of molecules they digest and where they act

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25
Lipase
hydrolyses fat
26
Protease
hydrolyses proteins
27
Carbohydrase
hydrolyses bonds between sugar in carbs
28
Intraluminal enzymes
digest food molecules in the lumen
29
Membrane associated enzymes
attached to epithelial cells lining the gut lumen
30
Intracellular enzymes
inside some gut epithelial cells
31
Fore gut
mouth, esophagus and stomach
32
Stomach Function
stores food secretes HCL begins protein digestion by pepsins squeezes and mixes food with acid and enzymes
33
pepsins
enzymes secreted by epithelium | digest proteins
34
Midgut
smaller diameter intestine, activates enzymes
35
Hinder Gut
larger diameter intestine | stores indigestable wastes and completes reabsorption of water and salts
36
Pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes along with bicarbonate ions that neutralise tha acid, that flows into midgut via duct
37
Lipid digestion
liver secretes bile that emulsify lipids, increasing surface area for digestive enzymes broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
38
Absorptive state
after meal when food is in the gut and nutrients are absorbed
39
Post absorptive state
stomach and small intestine are empty and metabolism runs on stored nutrients
40
hormones regulate
appetite | digestion processes
41
Gastrin
is stimulated when food arrives in gut | stimulates release of HCL and pepsin
42
Secretin and cholecystokinin
triggered by entry of food in midgut | inhibits stomach acid secretion and muscle contraction until food is processed
43
Secretin and cholecystokinin stimulate
pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate | liver to secrete bile
44
Ghrelin
secreted when stomach is empty, stimulates appetite
45
Leptin
provides feedback to brain about body fat
46
insulin
secreted by pancreas | stabilises blood glucose levels and promotes storage of glucose by stimulating liver to make glycogen
47
Glucagon
promotes glycogen breakdown into glucose and breakdown of stored lipids and release fatty acids
48
gas exchange
the uptake of oxygen and the discharge of CO2
49
gastrovascular cavities
animals with simple body plans body wall only a few cells thick encloses central gastrovascular cavity fluid inside cavity is contigous with water outside oxygen can diffuse directly in
50
multilayered organisms - gastrovascular cavities
dont work as diffusion distance is too great
51
open circulation
blood bathes in organs directly
52
closed circulation
blood confined to vessels and distinct from interstital fluid materials are exchanged by diffusion between the blood and interstital fluid
53
Fish circulatory system
simple closed system | 2 chambered heart and single circuit of blood
54
Amphibian circulatory
3 chambered heart and 2 circuit blood flow | pulmocutaneous and systemic
55
pulmocutaneous
through lungs and skin
56
systemic
through body
57
Reptile circulatory system
3 chambered heart | single ventricle is separated by septum
58
Mammals and birds circulatory system
4 chambered heart complete separation between blood complete double circulation
59
Heart Rate
number of beats per minute
60
mammal circulation
blood flows with right ventricle pumping blood to lungs lungs oxygenates blood oxygenated blood from lungs enters the heart at the left atrium and is pumped through aorta to body tissues by left ventricle blood returns to heart through superior and inferior vena cava which flows into right atrium
61
atrioventricular valves
prevent back flow of blood | separate each atrium and ventricle
62
Semilunar valves
controls blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery
63
blood
specialised connective tissue | consists of several cells suspended in plasma
64
Erythrocytes
red blood cells transport oxygen and CO2 contain haemoglobin
65
Leukocytes
white blood cells defense and immunity eat bacteria and debris produces antibodies
66
Platelets
blood clotting
67
Plasma
90% water | contains inorganic salts and plasma proteins
68
Plasma proteins
influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity, lipid transport, immunity and blood clotting

Biological Systems (12 decks)

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