Week 11 Flashcards
1
Q
how plants harvest energy
A
from sunlight
2
Q
how plants harvest mineral nutrients
A
from soil
3
Q
Root system
A
anchors plants
absorbs water and minerals
stores photosynthetic products
4
Q
root system branching
A
increases surface area
5
Q
shoot system
A
leaves
stem
6
Q
leaves
A
main photosynthetic organs
7
Q
stems
A
hold leaves up in sunlight
connect roots and leaves
8
Q
plant vegetative organs
A
root and shoot system
9
Q
monocots
A
clade of angiosperm
narrow leaved plants like grasses
10
Q
eudicots
A
clade of angiosperm
generally broaded leaved plants
11
Q
processes that develop all organisms
A
determination
differentation
morphogenesis
growth
12
Q
determination
A
commitment
13
Q
differentiation
A
specialisation of cells
14
Q
morphogenesis
A
organisation of cells into tissues and organs
15
Q
plant development - influences
A
meristems
cell walls
totipotency of most cels
16
Q
meristems
A
tissue made up of undifferentiated actively dividing cells
can produce new roots, stems, leaves and flower throughout plants life, enabling continuous growth
17
Q
cell wall
A
rigid extracellular matrix
cells cant move
18
Q
Morphogenesis
A
occurs through changes in the plane of cell division at cytokinesis
changes direction of tissue growth
19
Q
Two main growth patterns established in embryo
A
apical basal
radial
20
Q
apical basal
A
arrangement of cells and tissues along main axis
21
Q
radial
A
concentric arrangement of tissue systems
22
Q
first division of zygote
A
uneven
sets up apical basal and polarity
23
Q
smaller cell
A
becomes embryo
24
Q
larger cell
A
becomes supporting structures
25
tissue
organised group of cells with similar features that work together
26
3 types of plant tissue
dermal
vascular
ground
27
Dermal tissue system
forms epidermis
| usually one cell layer
28
the epidermis cells differentiate
stomata
trichomes
root hairs
29
stomata
pores for gas exchange
30
trichomes
leaf hairs
| protect from herbivores and damaging solar radiation
31
root hairs
increase root surface area
32
cuticle
waxy substance
limits water loss
reflects solar radiation
acts as pathogen barrier
33
ground tissue system
between dermal and vascular tissue
| contain 3 types of cells
34
3 types of ground cells
parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
35
parenchyma cells
most abundant
large vacuoles and thin cell walls
photosynthesise
store protein and starch
36
Collenchyma
elongated
thich cell walls
provide support
37
sclerenchyma
very thich walls reinforced with lignin
undergo programmed cell death
2 types
38
2 types of sclerenchyma
fibers
| sclereids
39
fibers
elongate
| provide rigid support
40
sclereids
various shapes
| pack together densely
41
vascular tissue system
the transport system
| contains xylem and pholem
42
xylem
carries water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
| 2 cell types
43
2 types of xylem
tracheids
| vessel elements
44
tracheids
pits in cell walls that allow movement of water
45
vessel elements
form pipeline
46
phloem
moves carbs from production sites to storage and sites of usage
2 types
47
2 types of phloem
sieve tube elements
| companion cells
48
sieve tube elements
meet end to end, forming sieve tubes
| lose most of cellular components
49
companion cells
connected to sieve tubes by plasmodesmata
| perform many metabolic functions
50
determinate of plants
growth
| ceases when adult state is reached
51
indeterminate of plants
roots and shoots
| open ended process that can be life long
52
primary growth
lengthening of shoots and roots
| apical meristems
53
secondary growth
increase in thickness
| lateral meristems
54
meristem cells
after division, one daugther cell differentiates while the other stays as it is
55
root apical meristems
daughter cells on root tip form root cap
56
root cap
protects root as it pushes through soil
| cells detect garvity and control downward growth
57
apical meristems
produce primary meristems
protoderm
ground meristem
procambium
58
root protoderm
produces epidermis
59
root ground meristem
produces cortex, with parenchyma cells and endodermis
60
endodermal cells
have waterproof suberin in cell walls and control movement of water into vascular system
61
root procambium
produce vascular cylinder (stele) which is made of pericycle xylem and phloem
62
pericycle functions
give rise to lateral roots
give rise to lateral meristems, contributing to secondary growth
export nutrients
63
monocots root system
fibrous
roots are equal in diameter
adventitious roots
64
adventitious roots
arise from stem tissues above initial root
65
shoot apical meristem
lays down at beginnings of leaf
66
leaf primordia
bulges that leaves arise from
67
bud primordia
form above leaf primordia
| initiate new shoots
68
shoot protoderm
gives rise to shoot epidermis
69
shoot ground meristem
gives rise to shoot cortex
70
shoot procambium
gives rise to shoot vascular system
71
leaves
determinate
| flat blade attached to plant stem by petiole in eudicots
72
petioles
allow leaves to adjust orientation
73
perpendicular
to suns rays to maximise light
74
parallel
avoid overheating
75
leaf anatomy
adapted to carry out photosynthesis
gas exchange
limit evaporative water loss
export products of photosynthesis
76
mesophyll
photosynthetic parenchyma
| have air spaces that allows co2 to diffuse
77
taproots
function in storage
78
prop roots
help support shoot
79
eudicot secondary growth
from
vascular cambium
cork cambium
80
vascular cambium
produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem (inner bark)
81
cork cambium
produces waxy walled protective cells
82
monocots secondary growth
dont have
83
essential elements
absence disrupts plant growth and reproduction
84
macronutrients
```
nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
calcium
magnesium
```
85
micronutrients
```
iron
chlorine
copper
nickel
boron
zinc
```
86
soil
provides anchorage
mineral nutrients
o2 for root respiration
87
soil living components
plant roots
| bacteria, fungi and other animals
88
soil non living components
```
rock fragments
water
mineral nutrients
air spaces
dead organic matter
```
89
horizons
horizontal layers that soil develops in
90
topsoil (A)
contains most o soils living and dead organic matter
91
subsoil (B)
accumulates materials from topsoil and parent rock
92
parent rock (C)`
from which soil arises
93
nitrogen fixation
change n2 to NH3
94
hemiparasites
can photosynthesise
| get water and mineral nutrients from living plants
95
holoparasites
no photosynthesis
96
water potential
tendency of a solution to take up water from pure water across membrane
97
aquaporins
membrane channels that water diffuses through
| regulates osmosis
98
proton pump
uses energy from atp to move protons out of cell against a proton concentration gradient
99
cations movement
move into cell by faciliated diffusion
100
anions movement
into cell by coupling movement with h+
101
apoplast
water and ions move through cell walls and intracellular spaces
a continuous meshwork
water and solutes never cross membrane
102
symplast
water and ions move through continuos cytoplasm of living cells connected by plasmodesmata
103
transpiration cohesion tension
how xylem moves water up trees
104
transpiration
evaporation of water from mesophyll cells in the leaves and diffuses out stomata
105
cohesion
of water molecules in xylem sap due to hydrogen bonding
106
tension
of xylem sap resulting from transpiration
107
stomata
pores in epidermis
| regulates gas exchange by opening and closing guard cells
108
stomata at day
open to allow co2 in
109
stomata at night
closes to conserve water
110
guard cells - light reaction
absorb light to activate proton pump
111
translocation
movement of solutes in the phloem from source to sink
112
source
organ that produces or stores carbs
113
sink
organ that consumes carbs for growth and storage
114
loading
transport of solutes from sources into sieve tubes
115
unloading
transport of solutes from sieve tubes to sinks
116
apoplastic pathway
solutes enter the apoplast and molecules are actively transported into cells
solutes can be regulated
117
symplastic pathway
solutes remain in the symplast at all times
| no membranes are crossed
118
monocot stem
vascular tissue scattered
119
eudicot stem
vascular tissue arranged in concentric circles
120
monocot leaf ventation
veins usually parallel
121
eudicot leaf ventation
veins form network
122
monocot root system
fibrous
| no main root
123
eudicot root system
taproot (main root) usually present
124
monocot flowers
usually in multiples of 3
125
eudicot flowers
usually in multiples of 4 or 5
126
monocot pollen
pollen grain with single furrow or pore
127
eudicot pollen
pollen grain with 3 furrows or pores
128
solute potential
solutes reduce the concentration of free water
more solutes the lower the water potential
increases cell tendency to take up water
129
pressure potential
as plants take up water they swell
| cell wall resists swollen and results in turgor pressure which decreases the tendency for cell to evaporate
