Week 2

Question 1

Nucleic acids

Answer 1

Polymers that store, transmit and express genetic info

Question 2

How genetic info is stored

Answer 2

Encoded in the sequences of monomers

Question 3

2 types of nucleic acid

Answer 3

DNA

RNA

Question 4

DNA function

Answer 4

Stores and transmits genetic info

Used to specify the amino acid sequences of proteins

Question 5

RNA role

Answer 5

Certain specialised RNA play role in metabolism

Uses DNA info to specify the amino acid sequences

Question 6

Nucleotide makeup

Answer 6

Nitrogen containing base
Pentose sugar
One to theee phosphate groups

Question 7

Pyrimidines

Answer 7

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

Question 8

Purines

Answer 8

Adenine

Guanine

Question 9

Pyrimidine makeup

Answer 9

Six membered single ring

Question 10

Purine makeup

Answer 10

Fused double ring structure

Question 11

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 11

When the pentose sugar of the old chain and phosphate of the new chain undergo condensation reaction

Question 12

DNA bases

Answer 12

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

Question 13

RNA bases

Answer 13

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

Question 14

Dhow base pairs are held together

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds

Question 15

Hydrogen bond strength

Answer 15

Relatively weak by cause there are so many provide considerable amount of force

Question 16

Hydrogen bond - breaking

Answer 16

Not as strong as multiple covalent bonds so base pairs are easy to separate with modest energy

Question 17

RNA makeup

Answer 17

Single strand
Many single stranded fold up to 3D
Folds back to form double stranded helix

Question 18

RNA folding - outcome

Answer 18

3D surface for bonding and recognition of other molecules

Question 19

DNA makeup

Answer 19

Double strand
2 separate polynucleotides that run in opposite directions
Form ladder that twists into double helix
Sugar phosphate groups form side and bases form rungs on inside

Question 20

Ways of DNA reproduction

Answer 20

DNA replication

Transcription

Question 21

DNA replication

Answer 21

Replicated by polymerisation using existing strand as base pair template

Question 22

Transcription

Answer 22

DNA copied into rna

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

Nucleotide sequences in most rna can be used to specify sequences of amino acids in proteins

Question 24

Enzymes

Answer 24

Catalyse biochemical reactions

Question 25

Defensive proteins

Answer 25

Recognise and respond to substances that invade the organism

Question 26

Hormonal and regulatory proteins

Answer 26

Control physiological processes

Question 27

Receptor proteins

Answer 27

Receive and respond to molecular signals from inside and outside organism

Question 28

Storage proteins

Answer 28

Store chemical building blocks for later use

Question 29

Structural proteins

Answer 29

Provide physical stability and enable movement

Question 30

Transport proteins

Answer 30

Carry substances within organism

Question 31

Genetic regulatory proteins

Answer 31

Regulate when, how and to what extent a gene is expressed

Question 32

Functional groups of amino acids

Answer 32

Nitrogen containing amino group | Carboxyl group

Question 33

Peptides

Answer 33

Amino acid polymers of 20

Question 34

Polypeptide formation

Answer 34

Via the sequential addition of new amino acids to the end of existing chains The amino group of the new amino reacts with the carboxyl group of the end amino to form peptide bond

Question 35

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 35

Established by covalent bonds

Question 36

Protein secondary structure

Answer 36

Regular repeated spatial patterns

Question 37

Secondary structure - alpha helix

Answer 37

Right handed coil that turns in same direction | R groups extend outward from peptide backbone

Question 38

Secondary structure- beta pleated sheet

Answer 38

Two or more sequences are extended and aligned | Stablilised by hydrogen bonds

Question 39

Protein structure - tertiary

Answer 39

Bent a specific sites and folded back and forth | Definite 3D shape

Question 40

Tertiary proteins - exposed surface

Answer 40

Resent functional groups capable of interacting with other molecules in the cell

Question 41

What determines tertiary structure

Answer 41

Interactions between r groups

Question 42

What determines secondary structure

Answer 42

Hydrogen bonding between n-h and c=o groups within and between chains

Question 43

What changes protein structure

Answer 43

Environment | Interactions with other molecules

Question 44

Environmental conditions that affect protein

Answer 44

Increase in temp Concentration of h+ High concentrations of polar substances Non polar substances

Question 45

Enzyme function

Answer 45

Lowers activation energy by enabling reactants to come together and react easily

Question 46

Active site

Answer 46

Where substrate bind to the enzyme

Question 47

Competitive inhibitor

Answer 47

Inhibitor and substrate compete only one can bind to the active site

Question 48

Non competitive inhibitor

Answer 48

Bonds to a site away from active site, changing the enzymes shape so the subrate can no longer fit