Week 12

Question 1

angiosperm reproduction

Answer 1

sexually to increase genetic diversity

Question 2

Sexual reproduction of angiosperms

Answer 2

meosis in plants produces spores, after which mitosis produces gametes
cells that form gametes develop into adult organisms

Question 3

carpels

Answer 3

female sex organ

contains developing female gametophytes

Question 4

stamens

Answer 4

male sex organs that produce microspores

Question 5

perfect flowers

Answer 5

both male and female reproductive organs

Question 6

imperfect flowers

Answer 6

only one male or female organ

Question 7

monoecious

Answer 7

male and female flowers on same plant

physical separation of male and female flowers or maturation at different times to prevent self pollination

Question 8

dioecious

Answer 8

individual plants have only male or female parts

cant self pollinated

Question 9

megametophyte

Answer 9

female gametophyte
embryo sac
arises from megaspore

Question 10

microgametophyte

Answer 10

male gameteophyte
pollen grains
from microspores

Question 11

pollen grain - cells

Answer 11

generative cells

tube cells

Question 12

generative cells

Answer 12

divide by mitosis to form 2 sperm cells

Question 13

tube cells

Answer 13

forms pollen tube that delivers sperm to embryo sac

Question 14

wind pollinated flowers

Answer 14

have sticky featherlike stigmas

produce greater number of pollen grains

Question 15

animal pollinated flowers

Answer 15

increases probability that pollen will get to female gamete of same species

Question 16

self pollination

Answer 16

reduces reproductive fitness of offspring

Question 17

self incompatible

Answer 17

pollen from same plant is rejected

Question 18

endosperm

Answer 18

formed by sperm and polar nucleus

food for developing embryo

Question 19

integuments

Answer 19

tissue layer surrounding female gamete

develop into seed coat

Question 20

functions of fruit

Answer 20

protects seed from damage by animals and infection

aids in seed disperal

Question 21

Annual plants

Answer 21

complete lives within a year

Question 22

biennial plants

Answer 22

take 2 years, vegetative growth first year, reproductive growth second year

Question 23

perennials

Answer 23

live 3 or more years

flower every year

Question 24

inflorescence meristem

Answer 24

shoot apical meristem that produces floral parts

Question 25

floral meristem

Answer 25

produces single flower

Question 26

Photoperiod

Answer 26

flowering only occurs when days reach certain length | synchronises flowering of same species promoting cross pollination

Question 27

short day plants

Answer 27

flower when day is shorter than critical maximum

Question 28

long day plants

Answer 28

flower when day is longer than critical minimum

Question 29

phytochrome

Answer 29

located in leaf | recieves signal for flowering by a chemical

Question 30

florigen

Answer 30

chemical that triggers flowering | passes through plasmodesmata

Question 31

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 31

no genetic diversity

Question 32

advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 32

parents can pass on good allele combinations avoids cost of producing flowers guarantees pollination

Question 33

apomixis

Answer 33

asexual reproduction of seeds

Question 34

asexual reproduction

Answer 34

diploid cell becomes embryo and seed

Question 35

plant pathogen response

Answer 35

constitutive or induced

Question 36

constitutive

Answer 36

always present | leaves have waxes that prevent fungal spores and bacteria from entering

Question 37

induced

Answer 37

produced in reaction to presence of pathogen

Question 38

induced response: elicitors

Answer 38

molecules made by pathogen that trigger plant defence

Question 39

general immunity

Answer 39

triggered by elicitors called PAMPS

Question 40

PAMPS

Answer 40

molecules that produced by pathogens

Question 41

specific immunity

Answer 41

triggered by specific elicitors bind to r receptors in cytoplasm that trigger specific immunity stronger than general immunity

Question 42

Signalling pathways

Answer 42

formation of NO and other reactive oxygen species polymer decompostion hormone signalling changes in gene expression

Question 43

Pathogen related proteins

Answer 43

break down pathogen cell walls | serve as alarm signals to cells that are yet to be attacked

Question 44

hypersensitive response

Answer 44

cells around site of infection undergo apoptosis and produce lignin to seal off plasmodesmata and prevent spread

Question 45

systemic acquired resistance

Answer 45

general increase in resistance to a range of pathogens

Question 46

herbivore affect

Answer 46

cause physical damage and can spread pathogens

Question 47

Constitutive defenses: herbivores

Answer 47

leaf hairs, thorns, spines and insoluble salt crystals that damage insect tissue

Question 48

Chemical defense: herbivores

Answer 48

secondary metabolites | releases canavanine and nicotine

Question 49

canavanine

Answer 49

replaces insect protein and creates abnormalities in insect

Question 50

Nicotine

Answer 50

inhibits insect nervous system

Question 51

jasmonate

Answer 51

triggers defenses to remove herbivore

Question 52

xerophytes

Answer 52

plants adapted to dry environments specialised leaf anatomy trichomes that diffract and diffuse sunlight

Question 53

aerenchyma

Answer 53

aquatic plants have large air spaces stores o2 low metabolism

Question 54

Halophytes

Answer 54

plants adapted to saline environments take Na and Cl to central vacuoles have salt glands that excrete salt

Question 55

meristems

Answer 55

permenant stem cells that allow growth

Question 56

post embryonic organ formation

Answer 56

can develop new organs throughout life time

Question 57

differential growth

Answer 57

resources can be allocated for beneficial growth patterns

Question 58

dormant

Answer 58

development of embryo stops

Question 59

photodormancy

Answer 59

seeds require period of light and dark to germinate

Question 60

thermodormancy

Answer 60

seeds require period of high or low temp

Question 61

dormancy advantages

Answer 61

ensures survival results in germination helps seeds survive disperal

Question 62

germination

Answer 62

seed grows

Question 63

imbibition

Answer 63

seed takes up water is coat is permeable

Question 64

monocot seed development

Answer 64

shoot is protected by sheath of cells

Question 65

eudicots seed development

Answer 65

shoot is protected by cotyledons

Question 66

gibberellins

Answer 66

hormone in plant growth stem elongation fruit growth seed germination

Question 67

Auxin

Answer 67

hormone root initiation leaf abscission inhibition (removes old leaves)

Question 68

ethylene

Answer 68

promotes leaf abscission and ripening of fruit

Question 69

photomorphogenesis

Answer 69

growth contorlled by light