Week 8

Question 1

Closed circulatory system

Answer 1

blood moves through blood vessels

Question 2

Open circulatory system

Answer 2

blood leaves blood vessels

Question 3

Fish circuits

Answer 3

systemic circuit and gill circuit connect

Question 4

Mammals and bird circuit

Answer 4

systemic circuit and lung circuit connect

Question 5

Amphibian and reptiles circuit

Answer 5

have circulatory plans that dont anatomically guarantee series flow

Question 6

Circulatory system

Answer 6

consists of muscular pump, fluid and series of conduits

Question 7

how blood travels

Answer 7

heart pumps blood into arteries, which branch into smaller vessels, eventually into microscopic vessels. As blood leaves tissues, it flows into larger and larger vessels, the veins, back to the heart

Question 8

Microcirculation

Answer 8

arterioles, capillaries and venules

Question 9

capillary function

Answer 9

found near every tissue cell
princple site where blood releases O2, nutrients and hormones to tissues and takes up CO2 and other waste products from the tissue

Question 10

Arterioles walls

Answer 10

walls have a layer of smooth muscle under the control of autonomic nervous system

Question 11

vasoconstriction

Answer 11

contraction of muscle cells

Question 12

vasodilation

Answer 12

relaxation of muscle cells

Question 13

arteriole diameter - function

Answer 13

determines rate of blood flow through capillaries

Question 14

Systemic tissues

Answer 14

all tissues and organs other than breathing organs, take up O2 from blood and add CO2 to the blood

Question 15

Systemic circuit

Answer 15

blood vessels that carry blood to and from systemic tissues

Question 16

Breathing circuits

Answer 16

add o2 to the blood and take up co2 from the blood

Question 17

Breathing organ circuit

Answer 17

blood vessels that carry blood to and from breathing organs

Question 18

Perfusion

Answer 18

flow of blood through a tissue or organ

Question 19

myocardium

Answer 19

the muscle tissue of heart

Question 20

stroke volume

Answer 20

volume of blood pumped per beat

Question 21

Cardiac output

Answer 21

volume of blood pumped per minute

Question 22

cardiac cycle

Answer 22

cycle of contraction and relaxation of the heart

Question 23

systole

Answer 23

when ventricles contract

Question 24

diastole

Answer 24

when ventricles relax

Question 25

Blood pressure

Answer 25

extent to which the pressure in the blood exceeds the pressure in the environment

Question 26

Hypertension

Answer 26

high blood pressure

Question 27

plasma

Answer 27

contains glucose and nutrients

Question 28

oxygenation

Answer 28

pigment combines with O2

Question 29

deoxygenation

Answer 29

when pigment releases o2

Question 30

respiratory pigments

Answer 30

bind to O2 to increase the amount that blood can carry

Question 31

Hemocyanin

Answer 31

respiratory pigment in mollusks

Question 32

hemocyanin - makeup

Answer 32

contains copper instead of iron and is in blood plasma not in cells, oxygenated turns blue

Question 33

partial pressure

Answer 33

pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

Question 34

how gases diffuse

Answer 34

down pressure gradients in the lungs and organs as a result of differences in partial pressure

Question 35

Respiratory surfaces

Answer 35

where gases exchanged with the environment

Question 36

rate of diffusion

Answer 36

proportional to surface area

Question 37

respiratory area properties

Answer 37

tend to be thin and have large areas to maximise rate of gas exchange

Question 38

Gills

Answer 38

outfoldings of body surface suspended in water

Question 39

Tracheal system

Answer 39

air tubes that branch throughout the body | largest tubes open to outside, fine tubes branch to all cells

Question 40

Lungs

Answer 40

hollow bags

Question 41

Gill ventilation

Answer 41

ventilated by current of water that enters the mouth, passes through slits in pharynx, flows over gills

Question 42

advantages of breathing air over water

Answer 42

much higher concentration of oxygen less energy needed less volume needed

Question 43

Gas exchange on land

Answer 43

respiratory surface not in direct contact with all other parts so circulatory system trnsports gases to rest of body dense network of capillaries under epithelium

Question 44

Buccal breathing (amphibians)

Answer 44

positive pressure muscles lower cavity floor drawing air through nostrils nostrils and mouth closes forcing air down trachea most gas exchange through skin

Question 45

Negative pressure breathing

Answer 45

pulling air rather than pushing it into lungs

Question 46

bird breathing

Answer 46

air sacs that act as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs