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Physiology 2 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

What are brain rhythms?

A

Distinct patterns of neuronal activity that are associated with specific behaviours, arousal levels and sleep state

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2
Q

What does EEG stand for?

A

Electroencephalogram

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3
Q

What is an EEG?

A

Measurement of electrical activity generated by the brain and recorded through the scalp

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4
Q

What does carrying out an EEG involve?

A

Placing non-invasive electrodes at standard positions on the head

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5
Q

How are the EEG electrodes labelled?

A

Letter corresponds to the lobe of the brain

Even numbers on the right and odd numbers on the left

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6
Q

What are EEGs primarily used to help?

A

Diagnose neurological disorders (epilepsy)

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7
Q

What do EEGs measure?

A

The combined activity of a large number of similarly orientated neurons

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8
Q

What does an EEG reflect?

A

Summed post-synaptic activity of large cell ensembles

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9
Q

What does the amplitude of an EEG signal depend on?

A

How synchronous the activity of a group of cells is

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10
Q

What are high frequency low amplitude EEGs associated with?

A

Alertness and waking

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11
Q

What are low frequency high amplitude EEGs associated with?

A

Non-dreaming sleep

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12
Q

What happens if the same amount of excitation occurs at irregular intervals?

A

Small summed signal

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13
Q

What do synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory thalamic neurons do?

A

Force each individual neuron to conform to the rhythm of the group

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14
Q

How are coordinated rhythms passed to the cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamocortical axons

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15
Q

What do excitatory and inhibitory interconnections of neurons result in?

A

A coordinated synchronous pattern of activity

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16
Q

What is sleep?

A

A readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment

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17
Q

What are the two distinct states of sleep?

A

REM and non-REM

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18
Q

What is non-REM sleep?

A

Body capable of involuntary movement, rarely accompanied by vivid, detailed dreams

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19
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Body immobilised, accompanied by vivid, detailed dreams

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20
Q

What are the physiological states in non-REM sleep?

A

Decreased temp and brain energy consumption, massively decreased heart rate and blood pressure

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21
Q

What are the physiological states in REM sleep?

A

Massively decreased temp, decreased and irregular heart rate and breathing and massively increased brain consumption

22
Q

What does an EEG look like in non-REM sleep?

A

High amplitude, low frequency

23
Q

What does an EEG look like in REM sleep?

A

Low amplitude, high frequency

24
Q

What movement occurs in non-REM sleep?

A

Occasional and involuntary

25
Q

What movement occurs in REM sleep?

A

Muscle paralysis: movement commanded by the brain but not carried out

26
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

4

27
Q

What does each night begin with?

A

Non-REM sleep

28
Q

How often do sleep stages cycle?

A

Approx every 90 mins

29
Q

What are the two schools of thought for why we sleep?

A

Restoration or adaptation

30
Q

What neural mechanisms contribute to wakefulness?

A

Increase in brainstem activity and neurons increasing rate of firing in anticipation of wakening

31
Q

What chemicals are related to increased wakefulness and where are they released from?

A 
ACh - basal forebrain
Hypocretin - lateral hypothalamus 
Histamine - midbrain 
Serotonin - raphe nuclei
Noradrenaline - locus coeruleus
32
Q

What are the neural mechanisms in sleep?

A

Decrease in brainstem activity and neurons decreasing rate of firing during sleep

33
Q

What neurons have been shown to increased rate of firing and are linked with dreaming?

A

Cholinergic neurons in pons

34
Q

What have been shown to block the flow of sensory information up to the cortex?

A

Rhythmic forms of firing in the thalamus

35
Q

What are the sleep promoting factors?

A

Adenosine, nitric oxide, melatonin, inflammatory factors

36
Q

How does adenosine promote sleep?

A

Receptor activation decreases heart rate, respiratory rate and smooth muscle tone
Inhibits ACh, norepinephrine and serotonin

37
Q

How does nitric oxide promote sleep?

A

Potent vasodilator, adenosine release stimulator and decreasing smooth muscle tone

38
Q

How does melatonin promote sleep?

A

Secreted by the pineal gland at night and shown to initiate and maintain sleep

39
Q

How do inflammatory factors promote sleep?

A

IL-1 levels are shown to promote non-REM sleep

40
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Any rhythm with a period of approx 24 hrs

41
Q

What happens to circadian rhythms if day/night cycles are removed from the environment?

A

They continue

42
Q

What is a zeitberger?

A

Environmental time cue

43
Q

Where are isolation studies best conducted?

A

Deep caves

44
Q

What is a free running state?

A

Without zeitbergers so ‘natural’ circadian rhythm

45
Q

What is the free running internal biological clock of a human?

A

24.5-25.5 hrs

46
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Small hypothalamic nucleus that relays retinal innervation and synchronises circadian rhythms with the daily light-dark cycle

47
Q

Does suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibition abolish sleep?

A

No

48
Q

What happens if individual suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are isolated and grown mature?

A

Their activites continue as it would within the SCN

49
Q

What do suprachiasmatic nucleus clock genes produce?

A

Proteins that send feedback to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and inhibit further protein production

50
Q

What resets the suprachiasmatic nucleus everyday?

A

Light information from the retina

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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