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Physiology 2 > Uterus, Uterine Tubes And Cervix > Flashcards

Uterus, Uterine Tubes And Cervix Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Recptive lining for the implanation of an embryo

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2
Q

What is the myometrium (Basic)?

A

Thick muscular layer of the uterus

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3
Q

What is the perimetrium (basic)?

A

The outside layer of the uterus

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4
Q

Why is an infants uterus bigger than a child’s?

A

Maternal steroids influence it

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5
Q

What is the endometrium thickness dependant on?

A

Steroids and hormonal changes

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6
Q

What does oestrogen cause in the proliferative (follicular) phase?

A

Growth/thickening of the endometrium

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7
Q

What does progesterone cause in the secretory (luteal) phase?

A

Differentiation of the endometrium

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8
Q

When is most of the endometrium lost?

A

At mensturation

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9
Q

What is the proliferative (follicular) phase stimulated by?

A

Oestrogen

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10
Q

What happens to the glands of the endometrium in the proliferative (follicular) phase?

A

Expand and become tortuous, increase in vascularity and neoangiogenesis

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11
Q

What does the endometrium look like in the proliferative (follicular phase)?

A

Ciliated

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12
Q

Why does the endometrium stop expanding in the secretory phase?

A

Gradual rise in progesterone causes a reduction in cell division

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13
Q

What happens to the glands in the secretory (luteal) phase?

A

Increase in tortuosity and distension

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14
Q

Why does oedema occur in the endometrial secretory (luteal) phase?

A

Increased vascular permeability and the arterioles contract and grow tightly around

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15
Q

What is the corpus luteum stimulated by?

A

LH from the pituitary during the luteal phase

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16
Q

What does the fertilised oocyte produce?

A

hCG

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17
Q

What does the hCG act on?

A

The corpus luteum to rescue it from dying

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18
Q

What does the corpus luteum become after apoptosis?

A

Corpus albicans

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19
Q

What does prostaglandin release cause in menstruation?

A

Contraction of spiral arterioles

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20
Q

How does menstruation happen?

A

Contraction of spiral arterioles
Hypoxia causes necrosis
Vessels dilate and bleeding ensues
Proteolic enzymes are released from the dying tissue

21
Q

How much of the endometrium is lost in 24 hours?

A

50%

22
Q

What volume lost is considered normal in menstruation?

A

80 mL

23
Q

What is left after menstruation?

A

The basal layer

24
Q

What is the basal layer covered with?

A

An extension of the glandular epithelium

25
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine tube?

A

Mucosa, muscularis and serosa

26
Q

In which part of the uterine tubes do the egg and sperm meet?

A

Ampulla

27
Q

What are the three types of cells in the mucosa of the uterine tube?

A

Secretory, columnar ciliated epithelial and non-ciliated peg

28
Q

What do the secretory cells of the uterine tube secrete?

A

Growth factors, nutrients and signalling molecules

29
Q

What are the parts of the muscularis in the uterine tube?

A

Inner circle, outer longitudinal layers, blood vessels and lymphatics

30
Q

Which part of the uterine tubes is the serosa?

A

The outside

31
Q

What do epithelial cells express in response to estradiol?

A

Estrogen receptors

32
Q

When is the only time the oocyte can pass down the uterine tube?

A

Mid-cycle

33
Q

What is special about mid-cycle that means the oocyte can pass down the uterine tube?

A

Cilia beat, secretory cells are active and there are muscular layer contractions

34
Q

How long does the egg remain in the uterine tube for?

A

Approx 5 days

35
Q

In which ways can the lining of the uterine tube be damaged?

A

Infection, endometriosis, surgery or adhesions

36
Q

What can damage to the uterine epithelium cause?

A

Pain, infertility or an ectopic pregnancy

37
Q

What are the two procedures that check the tubal patency of a uterine tube?

A

Laparoscopy and dye (lap ‘n’ dye) and hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy)

38
Q

How do you carry out lap ‘n’ dye?

A

Uterine cannula in through the vagina and cervix
Inject a blue dye into the uterus
Use a laparoscope through the abdomen to see the dye

39
Q

How do you carry out HyCoSy?

A

Uterine cannula in through the vagina and cervix
Inject an ultrasound opaque dye into the uterus
Use ultrasound to check the passage of dye through the uterus and uterine tubes

40
Q

Why would you do lap ‘n’ dye instead of HyCoSy?

A

If you think there’s some kind of pathology in the abdominal region and if the patient is allergic to the HyCoSy dye

41
Q

How thick is the endocervical muscosa?

A

3mm

42
Q

What is the cervix lined with?

A

A single layer of columnar mucous cells with mucus glands that empty the alkaline locus into the lumen

43
Q

What is the ectocervix covered with?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

44
Q

Where is the ectocervix?

A

The outside of the cervix

45
Q

What does the mid-cycle oestrogen levels do to the mucus?

A

Less viscous, glycoproteins align to form microscopic channels to allow passage of sperm

46
Q

What happens to the cervix in the luteal phase?

A

Reduced secretions and increased mucosal viscosity

47
Q

What is the vagina lined with?

A

Specialised squamous epithelial cells

48
Q

What are the vaginas barriers to infection?

A

Layers of epithelial cells shed constantly and exit with secretions, secretions coming from the cervix and are generally acidic

49
Q

Where are the Bartholins glands found?

A

Slightly posterior and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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