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Physiology 2 > Effect Of The Environment On Skin > Flashcards

Effect Of The Environment On Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What does sunburn look like?

A

Red, blotchy, blisters

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2
Q

What does Polymorphic light eruption look like?

A

A red, raised rash

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3
Q

What do Wrinkles due to solar elasticity look like?

A

Just very very wrinkly

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4
Q

What do Solar lentigos look like?

A

Dark spots on skin

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5
Q

What do Solar keratoses look like?

A

Dark raised spots on skin

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6
Q

What does paronychia look like?

A

Gross nail

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7
Q

What does Tinea capitis look like?

A

Patchy hair loss on scalp

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8
Q

What does Impetigo look like?

A

Red patch with broken skin

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9
Q

What does cellulitis look like?

A

Big red patch under the skin

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10
Q

Why might extensive epidermal damage cause death?

A

Dehydration and shock, infection, heat loss and hypo- or hyperthermia, protein loss, electrolyte imbalance, high-output cardiac failure and renal failure

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11
Q

What is toxic epidermal necrolysis?

A

Detachment of the epidermis

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12
Q

What causes toxic epidermal necrolysis?

A

Rare adverse drug reaction

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13
Q

What sorts of things can be environmental ‘insults’?

A

Irradiation and UV light, microbes, ectoparasites, allergens, irritants, physical trauma

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14
Q

What protects the skin from drying out?

A

Waterproof and oil secreted from sebaceous glands

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15
Q

What protects the skin from friction or impact?

A

Thick, regenerating epidermis, keratin, nails, wavy border between epidermis and dermis, collagen fibres in dermis

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16
Q

What protects the skin from heat?

A

Sweating and vasodilation

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17
Q

What protects the skin from cold?

A

Subcutaneous fat, adaptable blood supply and head hair

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18
Q

What protects the skin from injury and burns?

A

Thick, regenerating epidermis

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19
Q

What protects the skin from radiation/sunlight?

A

Thick epidermis and melanin

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20
Q

What protects the skin from infections?

A

Impervious epidermis, resident cells of the immune system

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21
Q

What is hyperkeratosis?

A

Thickening of stratum corneum with rubbing or pressure

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22
Q

What are arteriovenous shunts?

A

Anastomoses between arterioles and venules

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23
Q

Where do you have a lot of arteriovenous shunts?

A

Dermis

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24
Q

What do arteriovenous shunts in the dermis respond to?

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin

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25
Q

What happens if the arteriovenous shunts are shut off for too long?

A

Frostbite

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26
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Protects the skin against DNA damage and therefore skin cancer

27
Q

What do melanocytes do in response to lots of sunlight?

A

Increase activity- make and transmit more melanin

28
Q

What does MSH stand for?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

29
Q

How does UV exposure increase activity of melanocytes?

A

UV radiation damages DNA in the basal keratinocyte, which stimulates MSH release. MSH binds to MC1R which triggers signalling that increases the transcription of components that can increase melanin synthesis and transfer

30
Q

What cell type protects the skin against microorganisms?

A

Langerhans calls

31
Q

What is the function of langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells that form a network in the epidermis that is part of the immune system

32
Q

What is lichenification?

A

More extreme form of hyperkeratosis

33
Q

What is lichenification caused by?

A

Reaction to excessive rubbing or scratching/ skin conditions

34
Q

What are the three types of UV radiation?

A

UVA, UVB, UVC

35
Q

Which type of UV radiation is blocked by the ozone layer?

A

UVC

36
Q

Which UV radiation has the longest wavelength?

A

UVA

37
Q

What is polymorphic light eruption?

A

An allergic reaction to light

38
Q

What is wrinkles- solar elasticity caused by?

A

Over exposure to sun

39
Q

What are naevi?

A

Benign proliferation of melanocytes

40
Q

When do naevi become a risk factor for melanoma?

A

When they are many or large

41
Q

What is the clinical term for freckles?

A

Ephelides

42
Q

What are solar keratoses?

A

Dysplasic growth of keratinocytes

43
Q

What are the two types of skin cancer?

A

melanoma and non-melanoma

44
Q

What are the two types of non-melanoma skin cancer?

A

Squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma

45
Q

Which is the more dangerous type of skin cancer?

A

Melanoma

46
Q

Why is UV radiation good?

A

Needed for vitamin D3 production in the sun and can be used as a treatment for skin conditions like vitiligo or psoriasis

47
Q

What is damaged in a 1st degree burn?

A

Just the epidermis

48
Q

What is damaged in a 2nd degree burn?

A

Epidermis and top bit of dermis

49
Q

What is damaged in a 3rd degree burn?

A

Entire dermis and epidermis

50
Q

What does a 3rd degree burn result in?

A

Scarring and loss of sensation

51
Q

What causes irritant contact dermatitis?

A

Too much exposure to a substance

52
Q

What can be the symptoms of irritant contact dermatitis?

A

Redness, itching, swelling, blistering and/or scaling

53
Q

What is allergen contact dermatitis?

A

Allergy to something that contacts the skin

54
Q

What is the difference between irritant and allergen contact dermatitis?

A

Allergen involves the immune system

55
Q

What are the symptoms of allergen contact dermatitis?

A

Redness, itching, swelling, blistering and/or weeping

56
Q

How does allergen contact dermatitis develop?

A

Sensitisation first: langerhans cells process antigen and present to lymphocytes, then delayed hypersensitivity occurs at the next exposure

57
Q

What is paronychia?

A

Nail fold infection

58
Q

What causes paronychia?

A

Bacterial or fungal

59
Q

What is tinea capitis?

A

Scalp ringworm

60
Q

What causes tinea capitis?

A

Fungus

61
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Bacterial breaking of the skin

62
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

Bacterial skin infection

63
Q

Where is the portal of entry for skin microorganisms?

A

Breach in the epidermis

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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