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Physiology 2 > Neurotransmitter Systems III: Monoamines > Flashcards

Neurotransmitter Systems III: Monoamines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the monoamine systems involved in?

A

Motivation, reward, pleasure, movement, learning and cognition

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2
Q

What disorders can be caused by disregulation of the monoamine system?

A

Depression, schitzophrenia, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

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3
Q

What are the central nervous systems that control behaviour?

A

Autonomic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary Neuro hormones and the diffuse monoamine system

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4
Q

What are the four main systems within the diffuse modulatory system?

A

Nor-adrenergic locus coeruleus
serotonergic raphe nuclei
dopaminergic substantia niagra and ventral tegmental
cholinergic basal forebrain and brain stem complexes

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5
Q

What are the common principles of the diffuse modulatory system?

A

Small set of neurons at the core,
Synapse from the brainstem
One neuron influences many others
Synapses release transmitter molecules into extracellular fluid

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6
Q

How are the GABA and glutamate pathways characterised?

A

Point to point communication that is fast and widespread

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7
Q

Give some examples of metabotropic receptors

A

5-HT1, 5-HT2, Dopamine D1, Dopamine D2, noradrenaline alpha 1 and 2

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8
Q

What does 5-HT1 do?

A

Inhibits AC

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9
Q

What does 5-HT2 do?

A

Stimulates PLC

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10
Q

What does dopamine D1 do?

A

Stimulates AC

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11
Q

What does dopamine D2 do?

A

Inhibits AC

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12
Q

What does noradrenaline beta do?

A

Stimulates AC

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13
Q

What does noradrenaline alpha1 do?

A

Stimulates PLC

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14
Q

What does noradrenaline alpha2 do?

A

Inhibits AC

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15
Q

Where is noradrenaline released from?

A

Adrenergic neurons that project from the locus coerulus

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16
Q

What are the functions of noradrenaline?

A

Arousal, wakefulness, exploration and mood, blood pressure and addiction

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17
Q

What is noradrenaline synthesised from?

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

What are the steps in noradrenaline synthesis?

A

Tyrosine ->
DOPA ->
Dopamine ->
Noradrenaline

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19
Q

What enzyme converts tyrosine -> DOPA?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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20
Q

What enzyme converts DOPA -> dopamine?

A

DOPA decarboxylase

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21
Q

What enzyme converts dopamine -> noradrenaline?

A

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase

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22
Q

How does reserpine work?

A

Depletes noradrenaline stores by inhibiting vesicular uptake

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23
Q

How do amphetamines work?

A

Enters vesicles displacing noradrenaline into the cytoplasm, which increases noradrenaline leakage out of the neuron into the synaptic cleft

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24
Q

What type of receptors are all adrenergic receptors?

A

GPCR

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25
Q

What are the noradrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha 1 and 2 and beta

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26
Q

What does the alpha 2 noradrenergic receptor work on?

A

Inhibits adenyl cyclase and calcium

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27
Q

What is noradrenaline broken down by inside the presynaptic neuron?

A

Monoamine oxidase

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28
Q

What happens if there isnt enough noradrenaline?

A

Depressed state?

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29
Q

What does too much noradrenaline cause?

A

Hyperaroused state

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30
Q

If there is an excess of noradrenaline, what happens?

A

Taken up into the presynaptic neuron and broken down by monoamine oxidase

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31
Q

What does cocaine block?

A

Noradrenaline reuptake

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32
Q

How can we increase noradrenaline availability?

A

Block noradrenaline transporter and inhibit monoamine oxidase

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33
Q

What is dopamine involved in?

A

Movement, reward, inhibition of prolactin release and memory consolidation

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34
Q

What are the different pathways for dopamine release?

A

Nigrostriatal, Mesolimbic, mesocortical and tubero-hypophyseal

35
Q

Where does the nigrostriatal pathway project from and to?

A

Substantia nigra to the striatum

36
Q

What is the nigrostriatal pathway involved in?

A

Movement

37
Q

What disease affects the nigrostriatal pathway?

A

Parkinsons

38
Q

Where does the mesolimbic pathway project from and to?

A

From the ventral tegmental area to many brain areas (nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus)

39
Q

What is the mesolimbic pathway involved in?

A

Reward/pleasure

40
Q

What does hyperactivity of the mesolimbic pathway lead to?

A

Schizophrenia

41
Q

Where does the mesocortical pathway project from and to?

A

Ventral tegmental area to the frontal cortex

42
Q

What is the mesocortical pathway involved in?

A

Executive function

43
Q

What happens in the tubero-hypophyseal pathway?

A

Dopamine release from the hypothalamus into the pituitary

44
Q

What does the tuberohypophyseal pathway cause?

A

Inhibition of prolactin release

45
Q

What are the dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone involved in?

A

Triggering emesis

46
Q

Which dopamine receptors are in the D1-like family?

A

D1 and D5

47
Q

Which dopamine receptors are in the D2-like family?

A

D2,3 and 4

48
Q

What does the D1-like receptor family do?

A

Stimulate adenyl cyclase

49
Q

What does the D2-like receptor family do?

A

Inhibits adenyl cyclase and calcium influx and stimulates potassium efflux

50
Q

Where are the D1 and D2-like receptor families found?

A

Post synaptically

51
Q

Which is the only dopamine receptor to be found presynaptically?

A

D2

52
Q

What happens if you have a dopamine excess?

A

Reuptake by dopamine transporters, where it will be broken down by monoamine oxidase B

53
Q

How can you increase dopamine?

A

Give L-dopa
Block dopamine transporters
inhibit monoamine oxidase B

54
Q

What is another name for serotonin?

A

5-HT

55
Q

Where do the serotonin nerves project from?

A

Raphe nuclei to all over the brain

56
Q

What do the serotonin nerves do in the hypothalamus?

A

Reduce appetite

57
Q

What do the serotonin nerves do in the amygdala?

A

Elevate mood

58
Q

What do the serotonin nerves do in the cortex?

A

Heightened perceptions

59
Q

What do the serotonin nerves do in the spinal cord?

A

Suppress pain

60
Q

How does ecstasy work?

A

Increasing serotonin

61
Q

What is the synthesis pathway of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan ->
5-hydroxytrytophan ->
5-HT

62
Q

What type of receptors are the serotonin receptors?

A

All GPCRs apart from 5HT3

63
Q

Which is the only serotonin receptor to be found presynaptically?

A

5-HT 1D

64
Q

What does 5-HT 1D activation do?

A

Inhibits serotonin release

65
Q

What is acetylcholine involved in?

A

Memory, learning, motor control (striatum), reward and arousal

66
Q

What are illnesses that are related with acetylcholine issues?

A

Alzheimer’s, pain, addiction, epilepsy, schizophrenia, ADHD, depression and anxiety

67
Q

Where do cholinergic neurons project from?

A

Nucleus basalis, septum, substantia nigra

68
Q

What is acetylcholine synthesised from?

A

Choline and acetyl CoA

69
Q

Where are ACh receptors found?

A

Both pre and postsynaptically

70
Q

What enzyme breaks ACh down?

A

Acetylcholine esterase

71
Q

What are the functions of histamine?

A

Sleep/wake and vomiting

72
Q

What are the functions of purines?

A

Sleep, pain, neuroprotection, addiction, seizures

73
Q

What are the functions of Neuro peptides?

A

Pain

74
Q

What are lipid mediators products of?

A

Conversion of eicosanoids to endocannabinoids

75
Q

What do lipid mediators act on?

A

CB1

76
Q

What is melatonin involved in?

A

Sleep regulation, circadian rhythm

77
Q

What are the theraputic uses of amphetamines?

A

ADHD

78
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of amphetamines?

A

Increased alertness and locomotor stimulation, euphoria, stereotyped behaviour, anorexia, decreased physical and mental fatigue, lack of tiredness

79
Q

What does cocaine do?

A

Blocks the dopamine transporters

80
Q

What are the pharmacological effects of cocaine?

A

Euphoria, locomotor stimulation, heightened pleasure

81
Q

How does MDMA work?

A

Inhibits monoamine transporters

82
Q

What does MDMA cause?

A

Increased serotonin and dopamine

83
Q

How does LSD/psilocybin work?

A

Hallucinogenic effect by acting on 5HT2 receptors

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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