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Physiology 2 > Neurohormones > Flashcards

Neurohormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of neural communication?

A

Point to point
Neurons of the secretory hypothalamus
Diffuse modulatory system
Networks of interconnected neurons

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2
Q

What are the features of point to point communication?

A

Fast and restricted

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3
Q

What are features of the neurons of the secretory hypothalamus?

A

Slow but widespread

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4
Q

What are features of interconnected neurons?

A

Fast with widespread influence

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5
Q

What are features of diffuse modulatory systems?

A

Slower and widespread

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6
Q

What are the two main control systems?

A

Endocrine and nervous

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7
Q

How does the endocrine system control?

A

Hormones

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8
Q

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

A

Blood vessels

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9
Q

Is endocrine control slow or fast?

A

Slow

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10
Q

Is endocrine control long or short lasting?

A

Long

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11
Q

How does nervous control reach its target?

A

Signalling along nerve fibres

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12
Q

What is the nervous system method of transmission?

A

Electrical impulses

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13
Q

Is the nervous system communication fast or slow?

A

Fast

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14
Q

Is nervous control long or short lasting?

A

Short

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15
Q

What is the anterior pituitary called?

A

Adenohypophysis

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16
Q

What is the posterior pituitary called?

A

Neurohypophysis

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17
Q

What are the types of hormones?

A

Protein and peptides, amino acid derivatives, steroids

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18
Q

What are the features of protein and peptide hormones?

A

Can be synthesised as a large precursor
Can be post-translationally modified
Can have multiple units independantly synthesised and assembled

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19
Q

Where are amino acids mainly derived from?

A

Tyrosine

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20
Q

Where does the pituitary lie?

A

In the pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone

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21
Q

What are the steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

22
Q

What connects the pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

Infundibulum, containing the hypophyseal nerve tract and portal system

23
Q

Where do the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei project to?

A

Posterior pituitary

24
Q

Where do hypothalamic neurones secrete releasing hormones into?

A

The capilary plexus -> pituitary

25
Q

What does the pituitary act on?

A

Secretory cells to release their secretions into the anterior pituitary

26
Q

What are the hypothalamic neurohormones that control the anterior pituitary?

A

Corticotrophin releasing, thyrotophin releasing, gonadotrophin releasing, growth hormone releasing, growth hormone release inhibiting and dopamine

27
Q

How many amino acids make up the corticotrophin releasing hormone?

A

41

28
Q

How many amino acids make up the thyrotophin releasing hormone?

A

3

29
Q

How many amino acids make up the gonadotrophin releasing hormone?

A

10

30
Q

How many amino acids make up the growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

44

31
Q

How many amino acids make up the growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone?

A

14

32
Q

What is another name for growth hormone releasing inhibiting hormone?

A

Somatostatin

33
Q

What does corticotrophin releasing hormone do?

A

Controls the release of ACTH

34
Q

What does thyrotrophin releasing hormone do?

A

Controls the release of TSH and PRL

35
Q

What does gonadotrophin releasing hormone do?

A

Controls the release of LH and FSH

36
Q

What does growth hormone releasing hormone do?

A

Controls the release of growth hormone

37
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits GH, VIP, glucagon, insulin, TSH and PRL

38
Q

What does dopamine do?

A

Inhibits PRL

39
Q

What do gonadotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

A

LH and FSH in response to GnRH

40
Q

What do somatotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

A

GH in response to GHRH

41
Q

What do corticotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

A

ACTH in response to CRH

42
Q

What do thyrotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

A

Thyrotrophin in response to TRH

43
Q

What do lactotroph cells secrete (and in response to what)?

A

Prolactin in response to TRH, somatostatin and dopamine

44
Q

What happens when we experience stress?

A

Noradrenaline is released and the HPA axis is activated

45
Q

What happens when the HPA axis is activated?

A

Hypothalamus secretes CRH along the portal system
CRH acts on the pituitary to release ACTH
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
Cortisol inhibits the hypothalamus and pituitary

46
Q

What happens when the blood pressure is low?

A

RAAS is activated

47
Q

What is oxytocin involved in?

A

Lactation, uterine contractions, monogamous bonding and CNS

48
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of GH and insulin?

A

Leads to dimerisation of the receptors
recruits tyrosine kinases
phosphorylate the target protein
induce biological responses

49
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of TSH and ACTH?

A

Bind to cell surface GPCRs and activate G proteins that stimulate or inhibit adenyl cyclase. This increases intracellular cAMP levels that activate pKA which phosphorylates target proteins to initiate specific gene expressions and biological responses

50
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of GnRH and oxytocin?

A

Bind to surface GPCRs that stimulate or inhibit adenylate cyclase. This increases intracellular cAMP levels that activate pKA which phosphorylates target proteins to initiate specific gene expressions and biological responses

51
Q

What are the mechanisms of action of steroid and thyroid hormones?

A

Can diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells and bind to intracellular receptors inside

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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