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Physiology 2 > The Skeleton And Metabolism > Flashcards

The Skeleton And Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where is calcium if its not in the bones?

A

Vesicles or circulation

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2
Q

How much calcium does the GIT absorb daily?

A

1g/day

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3
Q

What do the parathyroid glands release?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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4
Q

What does parathyroid hormone release cause?

A

Increased bone resorption, increased calcium reabsorption, increased vitamin D3 formation and decreased phosphate reabsorption

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5
Q

How does parathyroid hormone cause increased bone resorption?

A

RANKL/OPG and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation

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6
Q

What does intermittent PTH treatment cause?

A

Anabolic (Increased bone mass)

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7
Q

What does continuous PTH treatment cause?

A

Catabolic (decreased bone mass)

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8
Q

What does vitamin D3 do?

A

Increases calcium reabsorption from the diet in the gut and decreases parathyroid secretion

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9
Q

What does the amount of total phosphate excreted daily equal?

A

Daily intake of phosphate

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10
Q

What type of cells are osteoblasts?

A

Endocrine cells

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11
Q

What does high serum phosphate stimulate in osteocytes?

A

FGF23 synthesis

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12
Q

What does FGF23 act to do?

A

Increase phosphate excretion in the kidney

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13
Q

What patients were found to have an activating mutation on the FGF23 gene?

A

Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets

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14
Q

What is metabolic bone disease?

A

A group of diseases causing reduced bone mass and strength due to chemical imbalance

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15
Q

What does metabolic bone disease cause?

A

Altered bone cell activity, rate of mineralisation or changes in the bone structure

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16
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

Defective mineralisation of normally synthesised bone matrix

17
Q

What are the two possible causes of osteomalacia?

A

Vitamin D3 deficiency or phosphate deficiency

18
Q

What does oncogenic osteomalacia cause?

A

Mesenchymal tumours producing excess FGF23

19
Q

What are the outcomes of osteomalacia?

A

Bone pain/tenderness, fracture, proximal weakness and bone deformity

20
Q

How does osteomalacia present?

A

Bowed long bones, widening of growth plates, loosers zone fracture

21
Q

What is a loosers zone fracture?

A

Fracture at one side of the bone at 90 decreases to the cortical zone

22
Q

What does hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia

23
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism caused by?

A

Parathyroid adenomas or chief cell hyperplasia

24
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by?

A

Chronic renal deficiency or vitamin D deficiency

25
Q

What is osteitis fibrosa cystica?

A

Inflammatory cyst where the bone has been turned into fibres

26
Q

What is the mnemonic for the effects of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Stones (kidney), bones (pain and excess resorption), abdominal moans (acute pancreatitis) and psychic groans (psycosis and depression)

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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