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Physiology 2 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outside side of the eye called?

A

Temporal

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2
Q

What is the inside side of the eye called?

A

Nasal

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3
Q

Which side does the optic nerve go off to?

A

Nasal

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4
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Non-stretchy white part of the eye

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5
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Anchoring point for the muscles that move the eye

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6
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent bit at the front of the eye

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7
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

Bends light rays with the lens

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8
Q

What is the pressure within the eye generated by?

A

Aqueous humour

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9
Q

What is the aqueous humour in the eye generated and reabsorbed by?

A

Generated by the ciliary body and reabsorbed through the angle of the eye

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10
Q

What do you have behind the lens?

A

Vitreous humour

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11
Q

What is vitreous humour?

A

Jelly - like substance

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12
Q

What is the iris?

A

Ring of muscle

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13
Q

What happens in the eye to adjust for close vision?

A

Ciliary body contracts = smaller = thicker lens

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14
Q

What controls how much light enters the eye?

A

Iris

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15
Q

What is the function of the retinal pigment epithelium?

A

Provides biochemical support for the photoreceptors, holds the retina in place and prevents it from peeling away

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16
Q

What does the neural retina contain?

A

Photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells

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17
Q

What do retinal ganglion cells form?

A

The optic nerve

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18
Q

Where do retinal ganglion cells run?

A

Across the surface of the retina

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19
Q

Which side of the brain do the nerves that come from the nasal bit of the retina go to?

A

Opposite sides

20
Q

Which side of the brain do the nerves that come from the temporal bit of the retina go to?

A

Stay on the same side

21
Q

Where do the retinal nerves project to?

A

The lateral geniculate nucleus

22
Q

What are rods useful for?

A

Night vision

23
Q

What are cones useful for?

A

Day vision

24
Q

What are the bits of the cone?

A

Inner segment, axon, synaptic terminal and outer segment

25
Q

What is in the inner segment of the cone?

A

Main cell bit where organelles are kept

26
Q

What does the cone synaptic terminal release?

A

Glutamate

27
Q

What does the outer segment of the cone contain?

A

Bag containing tightly packed layers of phospholipid membrane

28
Q

What is the reaction to increased light in cones?

A

In the outer segments, sodium channels are open by default but close due to increased light so cell depolarises and prevents glutamate release

29
Q

What is the reaction to decreased light in cones?

A

Causes more sodium channels to open so the cell hyperpolarises and more glutamate is released

30
Q

What holds the sodium channels open?

A

cGMP

31
Q

What does photopigment contain?

A

Opsin and retinal

32
Q

What formation does photopigment occur in?

A

11-cisretinaldehyde

33
Q

What happens when light strikes photopigment?

A

Changes to all trans retinaldehyde which acts like a GPCR

Cascade causes decreased cGMP, closing sodium channels

34
Q

What does loss of peripheral vision look like?

A

Can only see what’s right in front of you

35
Q

What does loss of central vision look like?

A

Can see everything but what’s directly in front of you

36
Q

What does convergence do?

A

Increases pixel size

37
Q

What is a receptive field centre?

A

Anything inside the area one ganglion supplies

38
Q

What happens as light passes through retinal tissue?

A

Image blurs

39
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

Region where the photoreceptors are uncovered

40
Q

What is special about the fovea centralis?

A

No retina so no image blur, no rods, ultra-thin cones, only red and green cones and no convergence

41
Q

How does peripheral vision work?

A

Cone photoreceptors are large and widely spaced and signals from many cones converge onto single ganglion cells

42
Q

What do axons form in the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

Retinotopic map

43
Q

What do retinal ganglion cells report?

A

Changes in illumination from one location to another

44
Q

What does the cortical area process?

A

Colour

45
Q

What do the inferotemporal visual areas encode?

A

Info about object identity

46
Q

What do parietal visual areas encode info about?

A

Location and movement

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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