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Physiology 2 > Structure And Function Of Skin > Flashcards

Structure And Function Of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is integument?

A

Skin, hair and nails collectively

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2
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Protection, thermoregulation, sensation, repair and vitamin D production

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3
Q

What are the 3 names of the layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

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4
Q

What are the functions of the epidermis?

A

Gives skin its colour, protects the body from pathogens and the environment and vitamin D production

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5
Q

What are the functions of the dermis?

A

Tensile strength and elasticity - also contains blood vessels, skin glands and sensory receptors

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6
Q

What are the functions of the hypodermis?

A

Insulate deeper tissue and anchors skin to the muscle

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7
Q

What is the epidermis made up of?

A

Multiple layers of different keratinocytes

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8
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Basal layer, spiny layer, granular layer, cornified layer and stratum lucidum

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9
Q

What is the basal layer of the epidermis made up of?

A

Stem cells

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10
Q

What happens in the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Daughter cells move up, differentiating as they go until they are shed from the outer surface

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11
Q

What happens in the spiny layer of the epidermis?

A

Desmosomes between keratinocytes

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12
Q

What does the granular layer of the epidermis contain?

A

Keratohyaline granules and lamellar bodies containing lipids

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13
Q

What is the function of the cornified layer of the epidermis?

A

Outer protective layer

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14
Q

What is special about the cornified layer of the epidermis?

A

Cells are keratinised, flattened, have lost the nucleus and non-polar lipids are between the cells

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15
Q

What do melanocytes look like?

A

Neurons (ish)

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16
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

Synthesise melanosomes and transfers them to basal keratinocytes

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17
Q

What is the function of langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cell - seeks and deals with invading microbes

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18
Q

What do langerhans cells look like?

A

Pale cells in non-basal epidermal layers

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19
Q

What is the function of merkel cells?

A

Sensation

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20
Q

How is melanin arranged in keratinocytes?

A

A cap distal to the nucleus

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21
Q

What is the dermis made up of?

A

Layers of connective tissue characterised by interconnected mesh of elastin and collagen fibres, produced by dermal fibroblasts

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22
Q

What are the principal cells of the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Thin papillary layer and deeper reticular layer

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24
Q

What makes up the thin papillary layer of the dermis?

A

Finger-like protrusions into the epidermal layer

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25
Q

What makes up the dermis?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue

26
Q

What does collagen provide in the dermis?

A

Tensile strength - protection against abrasion and impact

27
Q

What is collagen made by?

A

Fibroblasts

28
Q

Why is the dermal-epidermal border often wavy?

A

To resist shear forces

29
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Finger-like protrusions of the dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer

30
Q

What are rete ridges?

A

Extensions of the epidermis into the dermal layer

31
Q

What does the verhoeff- van gieson stain show?

A

Collagen fibres in red and elastin fibres in black

32
Q

What are some other names for the hypodermis?

A

Fascia or subcutis

33
Q

What is the hypodermis made up of?

A

Well vascularised loose areolar connective and adipose tissue

34
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Fat storage, insulation and cushioning for the integument

35
Q

What parts of skin do not have hair?

A

Palms, soles of feet and lips

36
Q

What parts is a strand of hair made up of?

A

Shaft, root and bulb in a hair follicle

37
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

Epidermal tissue that dips down into the dermis and interacts with other structures

38
Q

What other structures does the hair follicle interact with?

A

Apocrine glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscle and nerve receptors

39
Q

What does the hair follicle contain?

A

The hair matrix active site of hair growth and pigmentation

40
Q

What are the two different cell types in a hair bulb?

A

Follicular keratinocytes and melanocytes

41
Q

What do follicular keratinocytes do?

A

Produce hard keratin (= hair)

42
Q

What causes baldness?

A

Follicular keratinocytes at the bulb replicate only a set number of times

43
Q

Why does hair turn white?

A

Over time, melanocytes stop producing melanin

44
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands?

A

Normal sweat glands

45
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Watery secretion onto skin surface, cools body by evaporation

46
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands and where are they found?

A

Secretes into hair follicles and found in the armpits and anogential region

47
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Oily sebum into the hair follicle

48
Q

What is the nail fold?

A

Where the skin seals the edge of the nail

49
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

Proximal skin fold that gives rise to the cuticle

50
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Semi-circular layer of dead skin keratinocytes that covers the junctions where the nail enters the skin

51
Q

What is the function of the cuticle?

A

Preventing the entry of pathogens

52
Q

What is the nail matrix?

A

Creates the nail plate and contains special epidermal tissue and modified keratinocytes

53
Q

What do free nerve endings sense?

A

Nociception, thermal sensation and light touch

54
Q

What are examples of sensory receptors with encapsulated endings?

A

Pacinian corpuscles, merkels discs, meissner corpuscles, Ruffini endings, root hair plexuses and Krause end bulbs

55
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles sense?

A

Vibration or brief touch

56
Q

What do merkels discs sense?

A

Sustained touch/pressure

57
Q

What do meissner corpuscules sense?

A

Moving touch or vibration

58
Q

What do ruffini endings sense?

A

Steady pressure

59
Q

What do root hair plexus’ detect?

A

Hair displacement

60
Q

What do Krause end bulbs sense?

A

Touch/pressure

Physiology 2 (38 decks)

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