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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 17. THE CYTOSKELETON > Flashcards

17. THE CYTOSKELETON Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What is the cytoskeleton?
A
  • it is a network of filaments extending through the cytoplasm
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2
Q
  1. What are the three types of filaments that compose the Cytoskeleton?
    List and describe them.
A
  • Microfilaments:
    Actin Filaments
    (these are the thinnest components)
  • Intermediate Filaments
    (these are filaments with middle-range diameters)
    (they are composed of different types of proteins)
    (EG: Keratin)
  • Microtubules:
    Tubulin Filaments
    (these are the thickest of the three components of the
    cytoskeleton)
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3
Q
  1. What are the five Cytoskeletal functions?
A
  1. Mechanical Support to the cell
  2. Maintains Cell Shape
  3. Anchors Organelles
    (it organises the cell’s structures and activities)
  4. Dynamic
    (they can be assembled and disassembled)
    (this changes the cell shape)
  5. Cell Movement
    (Motility)
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4
Q
  1. What are Microtubules?
A
  • they are hallow rods
  • they are the thickest component of the Cytoskeleton
  • they are helical polymers
  • they are made of Tubulin monomers
  • they can increase or decrease in size
  • this is done by the addition or removal of monomers
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5
Q
  1. What are the three Microtubule functions?
A
  1. Mitotic Spindle Formation
    (this is the separation of chromosome copies)
    (this happens in dividing cells)
  2. Shape of the cell
  3. Guides the movement of organelles
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6
Q
  1. What are Microtubules made of?
A
  • they are made of alpha and beta tubulin monomers
  • these make up 13 protofilaments
  • each tubulin monomer has 2 GTP bound to it
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7
Q
  1. What are the different ends of the Tubulin dimer?
A
  • the + end
  • this is where fast polymerisation occurs
  • this is the addition of monomers
  • the - end
  • this is where slow polymerisation occurs
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8
Q
  1. What causes Microtubule Stability?
A
  • the continuous polymerisation/depolymerisation of the microtubules
  • this is dependent on the cell requirements
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9
Q
  1. What controls the continuous polymerisation of the microtubule?
A
  • the GTP Hydrolysis
  • the Cytosolic Calcium Concentration
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10
Q
  1. What is GTP Hydrolysis?
A
  • the GTP is attached to Beta Tubulin
  • this Beta Tubulin is hydrolysed to the GDP during tubulin polymerisation
  • the GTP is bound to the alpha tubulin
  • it does not hydrolyse during tubulin polymerisation
  • it has a structural role

GDP= GDP is a purine ribonucleoside 5’-diphosphate
GTP= Guanosine-5’-triphosphate is a purine nucleoside triphosphate

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11
Q
  1. What is the Cytosolic Calcium Concentration?
A
  • Depolymerisation occurs when:
    - [Ca⁺²] is greater than 0.5mM
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12
Q
  1. What is the name given to drugs that affect Microtubule Stability and the formation of Microtubules?
A
  • Anti-Mitotic drugs
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13
Q
  1. What are Anti-Mitotic drugs?
    Give two example.
A
  • they are drugs that inhibit the mitotic spindle formation

EG: Anti-inflammatory drugs
: Anti-Cancer drugs

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14
Q
  1. What is Colchine?
A
  • it binds to tubulin monomers
  • it inhibits Microtubule polymerisation
  • this happens during Prophase
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15
Q
  1. What is Taxol?
A
  • it binds to tubulin monomers
  • it stabilises microtubules
  • it does this by inhibiting their depolymerisation
  • this is done during mitotic anaphase
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16
Q
  1. Where does Microtubule Polymerisation begin?
A
  • it begins at the MTOC of the cells
    (the Microtubule Organising Centres)
17
Q
  1. What are the four organising centres of the Microtubule (MTOC)?
A
  • Centrosomes
  • Basal Body
  • Polar Body
  • Chromosomal Kinetochores of the Mitotic Spindle
18
Q
  1. Where are Centrosomes found?
A
  • they are found in most non-dividing cells
19
Q
  1. Where is the Basal Body found?
A
  • it is found in the flagellated cells
  • it is found in the ciliated cells
20
Q
  1. Where is the Polar Body found?
A
  • in some fungi
  • it is a part of the nuclear envelope
21
Q
  1. Where are the Chromosomal Kinetochores of the mitotic spindle found?
A
  • in the dividing cells
  • this happens during metaphase
22
Q
  1. What is the Microtubule Orientation?
A
  • there is the (-) end
  • this is oriented towards the cell centre
    (MTOC)
  • there is the (+) end
  • this is oriented towards the cell periphery
23
Q
  1. What is the Centrosome?
A
  • it is a micro- tubule organising centre
    (MTOC)
  • it consists of a centriole pair
  • it is located near the nucleus
    (the cell centre)
24
Q
  1. What Microorganism is the centrosome found in?
A
  • it is only found in animal cells
25
Q
  1. What do yeast and plant cells consist of?
A
  • they have structures that serve the same role as centrosomes
  • they do not have centrosomes
26
Q
  1. What is the centrosome made of?
A
  • 2 centrioles
    (a centriole pair)
27
Q
  1. What are Centrioles?
A
  • they are a pair of cylindrical rods
  • they are found at right angles to one another
28
Q
  1. What do Centrioles consist of?
A
  • they consist of 9 triplets of microtubules
  • these are found in a 9 + 0 arrangement
29
Q
  1. What is the space around the centrosome called?
A
  • the Pericentriolar Material
    (cloud)
30
Q
  1. What is the function of the Pericentriolar Material?
A
  • it allows for mictrotubule nucleation
  • this is the initiation of polymerisation
31
Q
  1. What does the Pericentriolar Material consist of?
A
  • it consists of y- tubulin
32
Q
  1. What is the function of the Y-tubulin in the Pericentriolar Material?
A
  • it facilitates the nucleation of the alpha and the beta tubulin dimers
  • it does this by binding to the (-) negative end of the microtubules
  • it induces their nucleation (polymerisation)
  • it does this by forming rings
  • the microtubule assembles and elongates into these rings
33
Q
  1. What are Microtubules used as with regards to motility?
A
  • they are used as monorails
  • these monorails assist with the movement of cellular cargo
  • they move them from the centre of the cell
    TO the periphery
  • and vice versa
34
Q
  1. What are three examples of Cellular Cargo?
A
  • vesicles
  • organelles
  • chromosomes

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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