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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 46. PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE & CYTOKINESIS > Flashcards

46. PROMETAPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE & CYTOKINESIS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. When does Prometaphase begin?
A
  • it begins upon the completion of the Nuclear Envelope Degradation
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2
Q
  1. What are the 2 stages of Prometaphase?
A
  1. Chromosomes attach to the Spindle Microtubules
  2. Chromosomes move towards the Cell Centre
    (Metaphase Plate)
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3
Q
  1. What happens when the Chromosomes attach to the Spindle Microtubules?
A
  • each chromosome is then connected to both poles
  • one chromatid has an orientation towards one pole
  • the other chromatid has an orientation towards the
    other pole
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4
Q
  1. What causes the Chromosomes to move towards the Cell Centre?
A
  • the polymerisation and the depolymerisation of the Kinetochore Microtubules
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5
Q
  1. What happens during Metaphase?
A
  • the chromosomes align in the Equatorial Plane
    (Metaphase Plane)
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6
Q
  1. What happens if the chromosomes are not aligned correctly?
A
  • the cell cycle will stop the signal
  • this is in order for repairs to occur
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7
Q
  1. What happens during Anaphase?
A
  1. SISTER CHROMATID SEPARATION:
    - this is due to the inactivation of centromere proteins
    - these proteins hold the two chromatids together
  2. SISTER CHROMATIDS MOVE:
    • they move along the Kinetochore Microtubules
    • they move towards the opposite ends of the cell
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8
Q
  1. What are the two stages of Anaphase?
A
  1. ANAPHASE A:
    • this is the depolymerisation of Microtubules
    • this is Tubulin Polymerisation
  2. ANAPHASE B:
    • this is the separation of the 2 poles
    • this is Spindle Elongation
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9
Q
  1. What happens during Anaphase A?
A
  • the chromosomes start moving toward the poles of the
    spindle
  • the motor proteins are involved in this process
  • they are found at the Kinetochore
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10
Q
  1. What happens during Anaphase B?
A
  • the Non-Kinetochore Microtubules overlap and push
    against each other
  • these microtubules come from opposite poles
  • this elongates the cell
  • motor proteins are involved in this process
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11
Q
  1. During Telophase, what is found on the opposite poles of the cell?
A
  • identical daughter nuclei
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12
Q
  1. What are the 3 stages of Telophase?
A
  1. Chromosomes are transferred at the opposite
    poles of the cell
    (This happens at the end of anaphase and at the
    beginning of telophase)
  2. Reformation of the Nuclear Envelope
    • this is upon the vesicle fusion around the
      chromosomes
  3. Reformation of the ER and the Golgi apparatus
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13
Q
  1. What happens during Cytokinesis?
A
  • the cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells
  • a contractile ring forms
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14
Q
  1. What is a Contractile Ring?
A
  • a ring of actin and myosin microfilaments
  • This ring contracts
  • it contracts until it brings the opposite ends the cell
    in the the middle
  • the opposite ends then connect to each other
  • this completely splits the cell into 2
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15
Q
  1. What does Cytokinesis in plants involve?
A
  • it involves a cell plate formation
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16
Q
  1. How is the Plant Cell Plate formed?
A
  • the vesicles containing the cell wall materials arrive
  • they arrive from the Golgi to the Metaphase plate
  • the cell plate forms from Vesicle fusion
  • the cell plate elongates and fuses with the cell wall
    of the Parental Cell
17
Q
  1. How do Prokaryotes Replicate?
A
  • they do not have an organised reproductive cell
    cycle
  • they do not reproduce by Mitosis
  • they reproduce by another form of Cell Division
  • this process is called Binary Fission
18
Q
  1. What is Binary Fission?
A
  • it is a very simple cell division process
  • it is much faster than the eukaryotic cell cycle
  • the bacterial replication time is 1 to 3 hours
19
Q
  1. What happens during Binary Fission?
A
  • the bacterial chromosome replicates
  • the two daughter chromosomes move actively apart
20
Q
  1. What did Mitosis evolve from?
A
  • bacterial cell division
  • this is because prokaryotes preceded eukaryotes by billions of years
21
Q
  1. What kind of Cell Division do Unicellular Eukaryotes undergo?
A
  • a cell division that is intermediate between binary
    fission and mitosis (multiple nuclear division)
  • this can be seen in certain protists
    Multiple Fission
22
Q
  1. What is an example of a protist that undergoes Multiple Fission?
A
  • Plasmodium Malariae
23
Q
  1. Does this example of an onion root tip undergoing Mitosis make sense?
A
  • yes

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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