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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 39. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION > Flashcards

39. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the two stages of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
A
  1. Oxidative Phosphorylation
  2. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
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2
Q
  1. What does the Oxidative aspect of Oxidative Phosphorylation refer to?
A
  • NADH
  • FADH₂
  • these donate electrons to the Electron Transport Chain
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3
Q
  1. What does the Phosphorylation aspect of Oxidative Phosphorylation refer to?
A

THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC):
- this powers the ATP synthesis

THE PRODUCTION OF ATP:
- this is produced from ADP + Pi
- this is known as ATP Synthase
- this is an Endergonic process
- it requires energy from the electron transport chain

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4
Q
  1. What is Chemiosmosis?
A
  • an energy coupling mechanism

IT COUPLES:
- the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) to the ATP
Synthesis
- it does this during Oxidative Phosphorylation

IT USES ENERGY TO DRIVE CELLULAR WORK:
- this energy comes from a H⁺ Gradient across a
membrane
- this is known as H⁺ flow
- this leads to ATP Production

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5
Q
  1. What is Proton Flow?
A
  • it is a form of passive transport
  • it moves down a gradient
  • it moves from a place of high concentration to a place
    of low concentration
  • this process is what drives ATP Synthesis
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6
Q
  1. In which 2 ways do Electrons enter the Electron Transfer Chain?
A
  1. NADH OXIDATION
    • this happens through Complex I
    • this is known as NADH Dehydrogenase
  2. FADH OXIDATION
    • this happens through Complex II
    • Succinate Dehydrogenase
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7
Q
  1. Why must Electron Transfer be a Step-Wise process?
A
  • there would be an overly large release of energy
  • this energy would then be lost through heat and light
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8
Q
  1. What are the 3 Functions of the Electron Transfer Chain?
A
  1. PASSES ELECTRONS IN A SERIES OF STEPS
    - instead of one explosive reaction
  2. USES ENERGY FROM THE ELECTRON TRANSFER
    - to form ATP
  3. EACH E- (ELECTRON) CARRIER
    • is more electronegative than the previous one
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9
Q
  1. Which electrons are transferred to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
A
  • Electrons from the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂
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10
Q
  1. What three steps do the Electrons that enter the Electron Transport Chain go through once they have entered the chain?
A
  1. THESE ELECTRONS:
    • from NADH and FADH₂
    • are initially transferred to Ubiquinone
  2. ELECTRONS PASS FROM A HIGHER ENERGY CARRIER:
    • to a lower energy carrier
    • this carrier is more electronegative
  3. ELECTRONS ARE EVENTUALLY TRANSFERRED TO O2:
    • this is the most electronegative
    • this is where water (H2O) is formed
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11
Q
  1. How many Electron Chain Complexes are there?
A
  • 4
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12
Q
  1. Name the 4 Electron Chain Complexes?
A

COMPLEX I:
- NADH Dehydrogenase

COMPLEX II:
- Succinate Dehydrogenase
⬇
COMPLEX I AND COMPLEX II:
- converge at Coenzyme Q (CoQ)
- this is called Ubiquinone
⬇
COMPLEX III:
- Cytochrome Oxidoreductase
⬇
CYTOCHROME C
⬇
COMPLEX IV:
- Cytochrome Oxidase

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13
Q
  1. What kind of transfer does the Electron Transport Chain allow for?
A
  • the ETC allows for the protons (H⁺) to be pumped from the Matrix to the Inter Membrane Space
  • this creates an H⁺ gradient
  • there is now an Electrochemical Gradient between the matrix and the Inter membrane space
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14
Q
  1. What is the pH of the Matrix?
A
  • 8
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15
Q
  1. What is the pH of the Inter Membrane space?
A
  • 7
  • neutral
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16
Q
  1. What does the pH difference between the Matrix and the Inter Membrane space result in?
A
  • there is now a membrane potential that has developed
  • this is known as Chemiosmosis
17
Q
  1. Which has a higher H⁺ concentration, the Inter Membrane Space or the Matrix?
A
  • the Inter Membrane space
18
Q
  1. What is Chemiosmosis?
A

CHEMIOSMOSIS:
- the movement of ions across a semipermeable
membrane bound structure
- this movement is down their electrochemical gradient

CHEMIOSMOSIS:
- the H⁺ flow to the matrix
- this happens through ATP Synthase
- ATP synthase uses the energy form the H⁺ flow to produce ATP

19
Q
  1. What creates a Proton Gradient?
A
  • the flow of electrons
20
Q
  1. Does the ETC directly synthesise the ATP?
A
  • no

INSTEAD:
- ATP Protons pump H⁺ from the Mitochondrial Matrix
to the Inter Membrane Space

21
Q
  1. What is the Proton- Motive Force (PMF)?
A
  • the proton (H⁺) gradient
  • it is created by the flow of electrons (e-)
  • this is what drives Chemiosmosis
  • this stores energy
22
Q
  1. What is the stored energy from the Proton Motive Force used for?
A
  • it drives the ATP Production
  • it does this through ATP Synthase
23
Q
  1. What is ATP Synthase?
A
  • it is the enzyme that makes the ATP
  • it functions as a pump that runs in reverse
24
Q
  1. What are the two steps that happen within the ATP Synthase?
A
  1. EACH H⁺:
    • that flows through ATP synthase causes a 120°
      rotation
  2. EVERY 3H⁺:
    • that flows through ATP Synthase
    • synthesises 1 ATP molecule
25
Q
  1. What is the chemical Formula for ATP
A
  • F0 F1 ATPase

F0 = Transmembrane
F1 = Matrix

NB:
- this is the enzyme responsible for synthesising ATP
from ADP + Pi

26
Q
  1. Where is ATP Synthase located?
A
  • in the inner Mitochondrial Matrix

IT IS FOUND IN:
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Bacteria
(in their lysosomes)

27
Q
  1. What is the Proton Pump (H⁺)?
A
  • the pump that uses the Proton Gradient to power ATP synthesis
28
Q
  1. What are the two parts of ATP Synthase?
A
  1. F0
    • this is the transmembrane part
    • it is composed of sub units: a, b, c
  2. F1
    - this is the Matrix part
    - it is made of the sub units: ⍺, β, y, δ, ε
29
Q
  1. What does the Proton Flow through the ATP Synthase result in?
A
  • a change in the binding affinity of ATP or ADP
30
Q
  1. What does the Conformation of a Proton Pump look like?
A
31
Q
  1. THIS IS A VERY IMPORTANT DIAGRAM OF THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN!
    Make sure you understand it.
A
32
Q
  1. What is the Sequence of Energy Flow during Aerobic Respiration?
A

GLUCOSE
⬇
NADH/FADH₂
⬇
ELECTRON TRANSFER CHAIN (ETC)
⬇
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE (PMF)
⬇
ATP

33
Q
  1. What does Mitochondria use Chemical Energy for?
A
  • to generate ATP
  • it does this through the Chemiosmosis Mechanism
34
Q
  1. What do Redox Reactions of Electron Transport Chains generate?
A
  • H⁺ gradients
  • these are generated across the Mitochondrial
    membrane

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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