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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 47. UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION > Flashcards

47. UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Why does Cell Division have to be tightly controlled?
A
  • to avoid uncontrolled Cell Division
  • this leads to Carcinogenesis
  • a lack of homeostasis also leads to Carcinogenesis
  • an inhibition of Apoptosis also leads Carcinogenesis
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2
Q
  1. What is Cancer?
A
  • it is an uncontrolled Cell Growth/Division
  • the abnormal growth of cells tends to proliferate in
    an uncontrolled way
  • these cells can also metastasise and spread
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3
Q
  1. What is the difference between Malignant and Benign cells?
A

BENIGN:
- the cell still has some controlled growth and
division

MALIGNANT:
- there is no controlled cell growth
- the tumour spreads to other parts of the body
- the tumour has a tendency to invade nearby
tissues

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4
Q
  1. How many forms of cancer are there?
A
  • about 200
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5
Q
  1. What are the Cancers with the highest incidence rates?
A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Colorectal
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6
Q
  1. What two factors are Cancer a result of?
A
  1. Environment
  2. Genetic Predisposition
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7
Q
  1. What are Carcinogens?
A
  • they are the substances and exposures that cause cancer
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8
Q
  1. What are two examples of Chemical Carcinogens?
A
  1. Benzene
  2. Alkylating Agents
    (Chemotherapy)
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9
Q
  1. What are two examples of Physical Carcinogens?
A
  1. X- Rays
  2. UV Light
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10
Q
  1. What are two examples of Viral Carcinogens?
A
  1. Hepatitis B
  2. Human Papilloma
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11
Q
  1. What is one example of Genetic Predispositions?
A
  • hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes
  • Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
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12
Q
  1. What does Carcinogenesis activate?
A
  • Oncogenes
  • these are the genes that contribute to the
    development of cancer
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13
Q
  1. What does Carcinogenesis inactivate?
A
  • tumour suppressor genes
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14
Q
  1. How does a Carcinoma form?
A
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15
Q
  1. What does the frequency of Cell Division vary on?
A
  • cell type
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16
Q
  1. Which kind of cells divide frequently throughout life?
A
  • skin cells
17
Q
  1. Which cells have the ability to divide in response to a certain need?
A
  • liver cells
18
Q
  1. Which cells do not divide in mature human nature?
A
  • most nerve cells
19
Q
  1. What regulation results in the Cell Cycle?
A
  • molecular control system regulation
  • cytoplasmic molecules regulate progress through
    the cell cycle
20
Q
  1. What are Checkpoints?
A
  • they are certain control points in the cell cycle
  • they have “stop” signals
  • they have “go ahead” signals
  • they regulate the cell cycle
21
Q
  1. What do the Checkpoints control?
A
  • they control the transition from one phase of
    the cell cycle to the next
  • they ensure that certain processes have been
    completed before another phase starts
    (EG: completion of DNA replication)
    (EG: presence of growth factors)
22
Q
  1. What are the three important Check Points?
A
  • G1 Checkpoint
  • G2 Checkpoint
  • M Checkpoint
23
Q
  1. What is the G1 Checkpoint?
A
  • it is also called the S Checkpoint or the
    Restriction Point (R)
  • it is found at the end of the G1 Phase
  • it checks for the presence of Growth Factors
  • it controls the transition from the G1 Phase to
    the S Phase
  • it plays a role in DNA replication
  • they check the extracellular environment
  • check the size of the cell
  • check if the cell is large enough to divide
  • check DNA damage
24
Q
  1. What is the G2 Checkpoint?
A
  • it controls the transition from the G2 phase to
    the M phase
  • the M Phase is the Mitosis Phase
  • this check point ensures that the DNA
    replication that occurred in the S-Phase was
    completed successfully
  • it checks for DNA damage
25
Q
  1. What is the M (Metaphase) Checkpoint?
A
  • it controls the transition through the stages of
    Mitosis
  • it corrects the chromosome alignment in the
    Mitotic Spindle during metaphase
  • these chromosomes align at the Metaphase
    Plate
26
Q
  1. What does the G1 Checkpoint check for?
A
  • cell size
  • nutrients
  • growth factors
  • DNA damage
  • unfavourable extracellular environments
27
Q
  1. What does the G2 Checkpoint check for?
A
  • DNA damage
  • DNA replication completion
28
Q
  1. What does the M Checkpoint check for?
A
  • it checks for chromosome alignment at the Mitotic Spindle
29
Q
  1. What happens if DNA damage is detected at the G1 and the G2 Checkpoints?
A
  • cell cycle arrest will take place
  • this is known as cell cycle block
  • it acts to stop the cell cycle
30
Q
  1. What does Cell Cycle Arrest lead to?
A
  • the cell will try to repair the damage
  • this ensures no wasted resources
31
Q
  1. What happens if Cell Cycle Arrest is not possible?
A
  • Apoptosis will take place
  • the cell will commit suicide
  • this is known as programmed cell death
32
Q
  1. Which is the most important Check Point?
A
  • the G1 Check point
33
Q
  1. What happens to the cell after the G1 Checkpoint?
A
  • the cell commits to the cell cycle
  • it does this in the absence of growth factors
  • mitogenic stimulation is no longer needed
34
Q
  1. What happens if the cell receives a “go ahead” signal at the G1 Checkpoint?
A
  • the cell continues on in the cell cycle
35
Q
  1. What happens if the cell receives a “stop” signal at the G1 checkpoint?
A
  • the cell will exit the cell cycle
  • it will go into the G0 phase
  • this is a non-dividing state
  • this is the resting phase where most cells in the
    human body are found

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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