Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 12. NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

12. NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are Nucleic acids?
A
  • they are naturally occurring chemical compounds
  • they serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells
  • they transmit and store hereditary information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. What are amino acid sequences in polypeptides encoded by?

ENCODED= responsible for producing specific behaviours/traits

A
  • gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. What are genes?
A
  • they are a unit of inheritance
  • they program the amino acid sequence in each polypeptide
  • they are made of DNA (nucleic acid)
  • they have a specific location (locust) on the DNA strand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. What is the major subunit (monomers) of nucleic acids?
A
  • nucleotides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. What are the two types of Nucleic Acid?
A
  • Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. What does DNA do?
A
  • it stores information for protein synthesis
  • it directs the RNA synthesis
  • it directs the protein synthesis through the mRNA
    (messenger RNA)
  • it is responsible for the primary sequences of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. What does Ribonucleic acid do?
A
  • it is the intermediate
  • the transcribes information of the DNA
  • the mRNA carries messages
  • the tRNA carries the amino acid to its position on the ribosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. What is a Ribosome?
A
  • it is made of proteins
  • this is where protein synthesis occurs
  • it has 2 sub units
    • one RNA
    • one protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. How does protein synthesis occur?
A
  1. the mRNA transcribes the information from the DNA
  2. then there is the synthesis of the mRNA in the nucleus
  3. the mRNA leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pores
    it moves into the cytoplasm
  4. the mRNA finds a ribosome
    they translate into an amino acid
  5. the protein synthesises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. What are polynucleotides?
A
  • they are nucleic acids that exist as polymers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. What does each polynucleotide consist of?
A
  • nucleotides
  • these are monomers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. What is the structure of a nucleotide?
A
  • it is made up of:
  • a nitrogenous base
  • a pentose sugar (it can be either RNA or DNA)
  • a phosphate group/ion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. What is a nucleoside?
A
  • it is a nucleotide MINUS the phosphate
  • it is a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
A
  • Pyrimidines:
    • cytosine (C)
    • thymine (T)
    • uracil (U)
    • they are the shorter nitrogenous bases
  • Purines
    • adenine (A)
    • guanine (G)
    • they are the longer nitrogenous bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. In DNA, what pentose sugar is present?
A
  • deoxyribose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. In RNA, what pentose sugar is present?
A
  • ribose
17
Q
  1. What ends does each DNA strand have?
A
  • a phosphate (-5’ end)
  • an -OH/hydroxyl (-3’ end)
  • it has a 5 to 3 orientation
    (top) (bottom)
18
Q
  1. How are the nucleotides connected to each other?
    What is this bond called?
    What does it create?
A
  • they are connected by a covalent bond
  • this is called the phosphodiester bond
  • these bonds create polymers/polynucleotide strands
19
Q
  1. What does the Phosphodiester bond connect?
A
  • the -OH group on the 3’ carbon of the one nucleotide

IS LINKED

  • to the phosphate on the 5’ carbon on the next nucleotide
20
Q
  1. Which reaction allows for phosphodiester bonds to form?
A
  • dehydration/condensation reaction
  • the removal of H2O
21
Q
  1. What can be said about the sequence of the bases along a nucleotide polymer?
A
  • it is unique for every gene
  • it specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
22
Q
  1. What are the steps to transform a gene to a protein?
A
  • gene
  • order of nitrogenous bases
  • structure of amino acids on the polypeptide
  • completed polypeptide structure
  • protein
23
Q
  1. What do cellular DNA molecules consist of?
    What is their shape?
A
  • they consist of 2 antiparallel polynucleotide strands
  • the strands run in opposite directions
  • one has a 5’ to 3’ orientation
  • the other has a 3’ to 5’ orientation
  • these spiral around an imaginary axis

-they form a double helix shape

  • they have a sugar phosphate backbone that stays on the outside (it is hydrophilic)
24
Q
  1. What holds the two DNA strands together?
A
  • H bonds
  • hydrogen bonds
  • these are created between the nitrogenous bases of both strands
25
Q
  1. What are the two pairs of Nitrogenous bases?
A
  • Adenine and Thymine
  • Cytosine and Guanine
26
Q
  1. The two DNA strands are complementary.
    What does this mean?
A
  • if we know the order of the nitrogenous bases of the on DNA strand
  • then we can figure out the other one
27
Q
  1. How many hydrogen bonds are there between Adenine and Thymine?
A
  • 2 H bonds
28
Q
  1. How many hydrogen bonds are there between Guanine and Cytosine?
A
  • 3 H bonds
29
Q
  1. In RNA, what nitrogenous base does Adenine bond with?
A
  • Uracil
30
Q
  1. How many strands does RNA have?
A
  • it is single stranded
31
Q
  1. What is DNA replication?
A
  • it is the copying of all the DNA molecules into a second set
  • it is required before cell division
32
Q
  1. How does DNA replication happen?
A
  • the 2 strands of every DNA molecule separate
  • the double helix shape unwinds
  • the H-bonds break
  • each old strand serves as a template for making a complimentary copy
  • this is what helps to make new DNA strands
33
Q
  1. How are DNA and Proteins used as a measure of Evolution?
A
  • they sort out evolutionary connections among species
  • we can compare the amino acid sequences of proteins between different species
  • the more related the two species are:
    - the more similar the amino acid sequences of
    their proteins will be
34
Q
  1. Read through this summary.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes
35
Q
  1. Read through this summary.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions