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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 20. EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS > Flashcards

20. EXTRACELLULAR COMPONENTS Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What do most cells secrete when they synthesise?
A
  • they secrete materials that are external to the plasma membrane
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2
Q
  1. What do Extracellular components and connections between cells help to co-ordinate?
A
  • cellular activities
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3
Q
  1. What are the three extra cellular structures?
A
  1. Cell Walls of Plant Cells
  2. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
  3. Intercellular Junctions
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4
Q
  1. What is the Cell Wall?
A
  • it is the extracellular structure of plant cells
  • this distinguishes them from animal cells
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5
Q
  1. What three other organisms (not including plants) have cell walls?
A
  • prokaryotes
  • fungi
  • protists
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6
Q
  1. Do fungal cell walls and eukaryotic cell walls have different compositions?
A
  • yes
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7
Q
  1. What are plant cell walls made of?
A
  • cellulose fibres
  • these are embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins
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8
Q
  1. What are three functions of Plant Cell Walls?
A
  1. Protects the plant cell
  2. Maintains its shape
  3. Prevents excessive uptake of water
    (osmoregulation mechanism)
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9
Q
  1. What do animal cells lack?
    What substitutes for this missing component?
A
  • they lack cell walls
  • they are covered by the extracellular matrix instead
    (ECM)
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10
Q
  1. What two structures does the Extracellular Matrix consist of?
A
  • Glycoproteins
  • Proteoglycans
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11
Q
  1. What are Glycoproteins?
    Provide an example.
A
  • they are glycosylated proteins
  • this means that they are proteins with attached carbon residues
  • they consist of more proteins than glycans

EG: collagen, fibronectin, lamin

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12
Q
  1. What are Proteoglycans?
    Provide an example.
A
  • they are proteinated carbohydrates
  • they are carbohydrates with attached protein residues
  • they consist of mostly glycans and less proteins
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13
Q
  1. What are the four functions of the ECM?
A
  1. support
  2. adhesion
  3. movement
  4. regulation of gene expression
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14
Q
  1. What is Collagen?
A
  • it is a major ECM glycoprotein
  • there are 12 types of it
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15
Q
  1. What is Fibronectin?
A
  • it is an ECM glycoprotein
  • it connects to the plasma membrane proteins (integrins)
  • it connects to other ECM components
    (Collagen)
  • it connects the plasma membrane with the extracellular proteins
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16
Q
  1. What is Laminin?
A
  • it is a basement membrane glycoprotein
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17
Q
  1. What is Entactin?
A
  • it s a basement membrane glycoprotein
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18
Q
  1. What is Elastin?
A
  • it is a connective tissue protein
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19
Q
  1. What are Proteoglycans composed of?
A
  • proteins
  • glucosaminoglycans (GAGs)
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20
Q
  1. What are Integrins?
A
  • they are transmembrane proteins
  • they bind to several ECM components
21
Q
  1. What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the human body?
A
  • Collagen
22
Q
  1. What is the function of Collagen?
A
  • it organises and strengthens the extracellular matrix
23
Q
  1. What are the most common out of the 12 types of Collagen?
A
  • Types 1-4 are the most common
24
Q
  1. What is Collagen produced by?
A
  • fibroblasts
  • epithelial cells
25
Q
  1. What is the composition of Collagen?
A
  • 3 helical chains
    (triple helix)
  • a repetitive motif of Gly - X- Y
    (X, Y = proline, hydroxyproline, or hydroxy lysine)
26
Q
  1. TYPE 1 COLLAGEN

26.1: what is its tissue location?

26.2: what is its associated syndromes?

A

26.1: skin
: tendon
: organs
: bone

26.2: reduced production in the osteogenesis imperfecta
(OI) type 1

27
Q
  1. TYPE 2 COLLAGEN

27.1: what is its tissue location?

27.2: what is its associated syndromes?

A

26.1: cartilage

26.2: none

28
Q
  1. TYPE 3 COLLAGEN

28.1: what is its tissue location?

28.2: what is its associated syndromes?

A

28.1: skin
: blood vessels
: uterus
: foetal tissue

28.2: deficient in vascular type
: Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome

29
Q
  1. TYPE 4 COLLAGEN

29.1: what is its tissue location?

29.2: what is its associated syndromes?

A

29.1: Basement membrane

29.2: defective in Alport Syndrome

30
Q
  1. What is the basement membrane (Basement Lamina)?
A
  • it is not a membrane
  • it is a specialised ECM type
  • it separates the epithelium/mesothelium/endothelium
    from the underlying connective tissue
  • collagen is found in this membrane
31
Q
  1. What is Connective tissue?
A
  • it is tissue that consists mostly of the ECM that is secreted by fibroblasts
32
Q
  1. What is Fibronectin?
A
  • it is the second most important ECM glycoprotein
  • it has domains for binding integrins
    (cell surface receptors)
33
Q
  1. What is the function of Fibronectin?
A
  • it attaches cells to the ECM components
  • it binds integrins to other ECM glycoproteins
  • it binds integrins to other ECM proteoglycans
    EG: collagen, heparin
  • it mediates cell adhesion to the ECM
  • it acts as a bridge
34
Q
  1. What is Elastin?
A
  • it is a stretchy ECM protein
  • it is found in connective tissue
35
Q
  1. What is the function of Elastin?
A
  • it allows many tissues to return to their shape after stretching or contracting
  • these tissues include:
    - blood vessels
    - ligament
    - lungs
    - vocal cords
36
Q
  1. What are Elastic Fibres?
A
  • they are fibres that consist of glycoproteins
    (EG: Fibrillin)
  • these glycoproteins are connected with cross-linked elastin
  • they are a major arterial extracellular component
  • they allow for elasticity of the ECM
37
Q
  1. What are two clinical correlations associated with Elastic fibres?
A
  1. Marfan Syndrome
  2. Wrinkles
38
Q
  1. What is Marfan Syndrome?
A
  • it is a connective tissue disorder
  • it is caused by a defect in Fibrillin
  • Fibrillin is a glycoprotein that forms a sheath around elastin
  • this happens in the elastic fibres
39
Q
  1. What are wrinkles caused by?
A
  • they are caused by ageing
  • they are due to reduced collagen and elastin production
40
Q
  1. What is Laminin?
A
  • it is a glycoprotein
  • it is located mainly in the basement membrane
  • it is synthesised by the adjacent epithelial cells
  • it binds to the basement membrane components
    (collagen IV, heparin, etc)
  • it binds to the cell surface receptors
    (integrins)
41
Q
  1. What is the function of Laminin?
A
  • it connects the epithelial cells with the ECM
  • it connects them mainly to the basement membrane
42
Q
  1. What is Entactin?
A
  • it is an ECM glycoprotein
  • it binds to the basement membrane components
    (laminin, collagen IV and proteoglycans) only
  • it does not bind to integrins
43
Q
  1. What is the function of Entactin?
A
  • it assists with the assembly of the basement membrane components

EG: it links lamin with the collagen in the basement membrane

44
Q
  1. Provide the description for number 1.
A
  • this is the most abundant glycoprotein
  • it organises and strengthens the extracellular matrix
  • it binds to the cell
    (via the integrin)
45
Q
  1. Provide the description for number 2.
A
  • connects the cell to the ECM components
    (via integrins)
  • ECM components = collagen
46
Q
  1. Provide the description for number 3.
A
  • it connects the cells to the basement membrane components
  • it does this via integrins
47
Q
  1. Provide the label for number 4.
A
  • it connects the basement membrane components between them
48
Q
  1. Provide the label for number 5.
A
  • it is a major component of the elastic fibres
  • fibrin is also a major component of the elastic fibres
49
Q
  1. What are integrins?
A
  • they are the cell surface receptors for the ECM components

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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