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MED 103- BIOLOGY I > 29. LONG DISTANCE SIGNALLING > Flashcards

29. LONG DISTANCE SIGNALLING Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What do both plants and animals use in Long Distance signalling?
A
  • hormones
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2
Q
  1. What is Hormonal Signalling in animals known as?
A
  • Endocrine Signalling
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3
Q
  1. What is Hormonal Signalling (Endocrine Signalling) in animals?
A
  • this is when specialised cells release hormone molecules
  • these travel via the circulatory system to target cells in the other parts of the body
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4
Q
  1. What are the three stages of Cell Signalling?
A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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5
Q
  1. What is Reception?
A

IT IS WHEN:
- the signalling molecule binds to a receptor protein
- this causes the receptor protein to change shape
- this is called a Conformational Change

THE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE:
- initiates the process of Transduction

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6
Q
  1. What is highly specific with regards to Reception?
A
  • the binding between the signal molecule (ligand)
    AND the receptor
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7
Q
  1. What are the two types of Receptor Types?
A
  1. Plasma Membrane Proteins
  2. Intracellular Receptors
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8
Q
  1. What are two types of Intracellular Receptors?
A
  1. Cytoplasmic Proteins
  2. Nuclear Proteins
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9
Q
  1. Which kinds of Signalling Molecules can cross the plasma membrane and make use of the Intracellular Receptors?
A
  • small molecules
  • that are hydrophobic

EG: steroid hormones
- these bind to intracellular receptors
- oestrogen receptors are an example of this

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10
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label Number 1?
A
  • the steroid hormone passes through the plasma membrane
  • testosterone is the steroid hormone
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11
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label Number 2?
A
  • testosterone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm
  • this activates the receptor protein
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12
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label Number 3?
A
  • the hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus
  • it binds to specific genes
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13
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label Number 4?
A
  • the bound protein stimulates the transcription of the gene into mRNA
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14
Q
  1. Provide a description for Label Number 5?
A
  • the mRNA is translated into a specific protein
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15
Q
  1. What are the three main types of Plasma Membrane receptors?
A
  1. G- Protein Coupled
  2. Tyrosine Kinases
  3. Ion Channels
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16
Q
  1. What is EGFR (Growth Factor) an example of?
A
  • Tyrosine Kinases
17
Q
  1. What are G Protein-Coupled Receptors?
A
  • they are plasma membrane receptors
  • they are linked to the G Protein
18
Q
  1. What are G Proteins?
A
  • they are proteins that are bound to GTP/GDP
19
Q
  1. What do G Proteins act as?
A
  • ## they act as on and off switches
20
Q
  1. What happens if GDP is bound to a G Protein?
A
  • the G Protein is inactive
21
Q
  1. What happens if GTP is bound to a G Protein?
A
  • the G Protein is active
22
Q
  1. What is a disfunctionality in the G Protein involved in (with regards to Human Health)?
A
  • many human diseases
  • many bacterial infections
23
Q
  1. Which two toxins interfere with G Protein Functioning?
A
  • cholera toxin
  • botulinum toxin
  • both are bacterial products
24
Q
  1. Does this figure make sense?
A
  • yes
25
Q
  1. What are Protein Kinases?
A
  • they are enzymes that phosphorylate protein substrates
  • it adds phosphates to the protein substrates

PHOSPHORYLATE = to cause (an organic compound) to
take up or combine with
phosphoric acid or a phosphorus-
containing group

26
Q
  1. What are Receptor Tyrosine Kinases?
A
  • they are transmembrane receptors
  • they attach phosphates to tyrosine residues
27
Q
  1. What are the 2 domains of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinases?
A
  1. Extracellular Ligand Binding Domain
  2. Intracellular Domain with Tyrosine Kinase Activity
28
Q
  1. What are Growth Factor Receptors?
A
  • they are common receptor Tyrosine Kinases
  • they are heavily involved in cancer
29
Q
  1. What are two examples of Growth Factor Receptors?
A
  1. EGFR
    - it is related to the HER 2 receptor involved in cancer
  2. PDGFR
30
Q
  1. Does this diagram of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases make sense?
A
  • yes
31
Q
  1. What do Abnormal Tyrosine Kinase Receptors contribute to?
A
  • cancer
32
Q
  1. What is an example of an Abnormal Tyrosine Kinase Receptor?
A
  • truncated receptors
    TRUNCATED = shortened in duration or effect
  • these receptors function in the absence of signalling molecules
  • the lack the ligand-binding domain
  • this leads to the over expression of receptors
  • and the amplification of receptors
33
Q
  1. What is an example of an Over Expressed (Amplified) receptor?
A

WHEN THE EGFR IS AMPLIFIED/OVER EXPRESSED:
- this means that there is more than one gene copy
present
- it is found in many cancers
- such as breast cancer
- EG: Human EGFT Receptor 2

34
Q
  1. What are some examples of Anti-Cancer drugs?
    What do they do?
A
  • Herceptin
  • this is a monoclonal antibody
  • it is given to women who have EGFR 2
  • Gleevec
  • this blocks the M and the S phase of Mitosis
  • they block Tyrosine Kinase activity
35
Q
  1. What are Ligand Gated Ion Channel Receptors?
A
  • they act as a gate
  • they open when the receptor changes shape
36
Q
  1. What are the three steps that the Ligand Gated Ion Channel Receptors go through?
A

STEP 1:
- the binding of the signalling molecule (ligand)
TO the receptor

STEP 2:
- the receptor changes shape
- the gate opens

STEP 3:
- specific ions
- such as Na⁺ and Ca²⁺
- pass through the channel in the receptor

MED 103- BIOLOGY I (53 decks)

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