IA. General microbiology | 11. The side effect of the antibiotics. The risk of antibiotic usage. Flashcards
What are the 4 types of risks of antibiotics usage?
- Allergy
- Toxic effect
- Risk of dysbacteriosis (host is not damaged, but flora is)
- Candidiasis
I. Allergy
1. How does allergy develop by using antibiotics?
- Especially to penicillins (Type I hypersensitivity) and can cause anaphylactic shock
- People with cephalosporin sensitivity may develop rashes and urticaria (skin condition)
II. Toxic effects
1. What are the 6 examples of drugs that can cause toxic effects to human?
- Aminoglycosides
- Chloramphenicol
- Vancomycin
- Antifungal drugs
- tetracycline
- Fluoroquinolones
II. Toxic effects
2. What are the toxic effects of Aminoglycosides?
antibiotics for gram - pathogens (gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, neomycin,
II. Toxic effects
3. What are the toxic effects of Chloramphenicol?
treats meningitis, but can be toxic to bone marrow
II. Toxic effects
4. What are the features and toxic effects of Vancomycin?
- For MRSA, treats endocarditis/skin infections
- Toxic to liber
II. Toxic effects
5. What are the features and toxic effects of Tetracyclin?
- Bones, teeth (Tetracyclin: complex with Ca2+)
- Cannot use tetracycline in children because can damage bones and teeth permanently
- Should be avoided in children up to 8 years of age and in pregnant/lactating women
II. Toxic effects
6. What are the features and toxic effects of Fluoroquinolones?
- Fluoroquinolones: Achilles-tendon rupture
II. Toxic effects
7. What are the features and toxic effects of Antifungal drugs?
- ie; terbinafine
- toxic to liver
II. Toxic effects
8. Can antibiotics cause impaired hearing?
Yes, they might cause impaired hearing since it is one of the toxic effects
III. Risk of dysbacteriosis
1. What is the risk of dysbacteriosis?
- Killing of the normal flora (host is not damaged, but flora is)
III. Risk of dysbacteriosis
2. Give an example to explain the risk of dysbacteriosis?
E.g. pseudomembranous colitis by C. difficile
- Clostridium difficile can colonize in colon leading to pseudomembranous colitis
IV. Candidiasis
1. What is Candidiasis?
An infection caused by the yeast Candida albicans
- Candida normally live harmlessly in body, and kept under control by immune system
IV. Candidiasis
2. How can antibiotics cause Candidiasis?
- Antibiotics can upset the normal balance of bacteria in the vagina or oral cavity, allows candida to grow and cause fungal infections
(An infection caused by the yeast Candida albicans
- Candida normally live harmlessly in body, and kept under control by immune system)
