III - A. Virology | 3. Prophylaxis of viral diseases

Question 1

I. Antiviral vaccines
1. What are the 2 types of antiviral vaccines?

Answer 1

1. Using whole virus approach
   - Live attenuated virus
   - Inactivated virus
   - Viral vector vaccines
2. Using part of the virus
   - Subunit vaccines
   - Nucleic acid vaccines

Question 2

I. Antiviral vaccination
2. What is the aim of Active immunisation?

Answer 2

Aim: show virus antigens to host without causing infection
=> Immune system of the host will actively gain immunity, Immune memory develops

Question 3

I. Antiviral vaccines
3A. One type of antiviral vaccines is “using whole virus approach”
=> What are the 3 types of vaccine using this approach?

Answer 3

1. Live attenuated strains
2. Inactivated virus
3. Viral vector vaccines

Question 4

I. Antiviral vaccination - using whole virus approach
3B. What are the features of antiviral vaccine with “Live attenuated strains”?
- Give example!

Answer 4

• Live attenuated strains: weakened strains of the virus with no pathogenicity
• eg. MMR – measles, mumps, rubella vaccine

Question 5

I. Antiviral vaccination - using whole virus approach
3C. What are the features of antiviral vaccine with “inactivated virus”?
- Give example!

Answer 5

• Inactivated virus – with heat of formalin – contains all the antigens
• eg. IPV: Inactivated Poliomyelitis virus Vaccine

Question 6

I. Antiviral vaccination - using whole virus approach
3D. What are the features of Viral vector vaccine?

Answer 6

• Antigens of the 1st virus are expressed by another, harmless 2nd virus
• Infection by this 2nd modified virus will provide immunity for 1st virus
• Eg. Adenovirus vector vaccines against SARS-CoV2: Janssen, Astra-Zeneca, Sputnik

Question 7

I. Antiviral vaccination
4A. What are the 2 types of vaccines using parts of the virus?

Answer 7

1. Subunit vaccines
2. Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Question 8

I. Antiviral vaccination - using parts of the virus
4B. What are the features of subunit vaccines?

Answer 8

• Subunit vaccines – produced by recombinant technology
• eg. HBsAg – vaccine against hepatitis B virus contains surface antigen only
  —-
• Virus like particles (VLP): virus structural proteins that self-assemble into VLP
• Lacks nucleic acid of the virus – not infectious
• Eg. Vaccines against Human Papilloma Virus – HPV

Question 9

I. Antiviral vaccination - using parts of the virus
4C. What are the features of nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 9

• Contains mRNA encoding an important protein of the virus
• It will be produced by host cell
• Eg. Comirnaty (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine against SARS-CoV2 – mRNA encoding spike

Question 10

II. List the obligatory vaccines

Answer 10

Question 11

III. Vaccines against SARS-COV-2
1. What are the features of Vaccines against SARS-COV-2 ?

Answer 11