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anatomy > Overview of a cell > Flashcards

Overview of a cell Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the functions of a cell?

A
  1. transport
  2. inheritance
  3. protection/support
  4. communication-(neuron take/give info thru pathways)
  5. energy production- cellular metabolism(converting nutrients to energy)
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2
Q

what are the 3 main parts of a cell?

A
  1. nucleus- genes, double membrane and instructions for cell activities like growth, reproduction and function
  2. cytoplasm- cytosol,organelles(mitochondria,lysosomes(cell waste) and Golgi apparatus (protein processing and packaging)
  3. cell membrane- thin barrier and controls what goes in/out
    - helps with structure and protection
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3
Q

plasma membrane function and structure

A

function= a barrier that separates the intracellular and extracellular fluid
structure= BLM( bilayer lipid membrane)
- two layers of phospholipid +cholesterol and proteins

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4
Q

name 3 ways plasma membrane plays a part in homeostasis within living cells

A
  • selective permeability=what goes in/out
  • nutrient uptake=for cell metabolism (energy)
  • waste removal= stops build of toxic substances
  • maintaining ion balance= for cell functionlaity
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5
Q

what are the 3 main gradients in a plasma membrane and explain each?

A
  1. chemical = difference in chemical concentration
  2. electrical= difference in electrical charge due to ions
  3. electrochemical= combination of electrical and chemical gradients between membrane
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6
Q

what are the two types of plasma membrane transports and describe each?

A

active and passive
1. Active
- LOW to HIGH conc
- moves against the conc gradient
-ATP= releases and stores energy
-ATP is the push in order for the conc gradient to go from low to high
2. Passive
- HIGH to LOW conc
- facilitated diffusion
- uses its own KE (e.g diffusion and osmosis)

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of diffusion and explain

A
  1. simple= net movement of molecules from a HIGH to LOW conc
  2. faciliated= same but for ions
  3. osmosis= same but for water
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8
Q

what is the term for the difference in osmotic pressure?

A

tonicity

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9
Q

what are the 3 tonicity solutions and describe each one.

A
  1. isotonic solution= same concentration of solute and water as the cell so cells don’t change shape
  2. hypotonic = low concentration of solute and high water compared to the cell so the cell swells
  3. hypertonic= high concentration of solute and low conc of water so the cell shrinks
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10
Q

what does active transport in primary/secondary need that passive transport doesn’t?

A

carrier proteins
- active transport needs extra help to ‘lift’ itself so ATP and other proteins are needed

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11
Q

what is the name of the active transport that can move big packets of substance in/out of cell and name both processes

A
  1. vesicular transport
  • endocytosis= vesicles merge with the plasma membrane to move material in
    -exocytosis=vesicles detach from the plasma membrane to move material out of cell
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12
Q

define cytoskeleton and its function

A

network of protein filament that help with:
transport
cell division
motility

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13
Q

what are the 3 filaments in a cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules
    2.intermediate
    3.microfilament
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14
Q

what are the 3 filaments in a cytoskeleton?

A
  1. actin filaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microfilament
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15
Q

what is the centrosomes made up of and what are their functions?

A

made up of centrioles and help with forming cell flagella and cilia

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16
Q

what are the 3 plasma membrane extensions and explain their appreance/where located?

A
  1. flagella
    - tail of cell helps with movement
  2. cilia
    - hair like structure and helps substance movement
    -found in the respiratory tract (tissue areas)
  3. microvilli
    - finger like structure that increases its surface area for absorbtion
    -found in intestines and kindeys
    -anywhere where secretion and absorption takes place
17
Q

what’s the difference between rough and smooth ER(endoplasmic reticulum)? also what are their functions?

A

rough ER has fixed ribosomes on it while smooth doesn’t
- Rough ER= protein synthesis
-Smooth ER= lipid synthesis

18
Q

define Endoplasmic reticulum?

A

tubes/sacs that connects to other parts of the cell to help the cell function properly

19
Q

what is the function of a golgi apparatus?

A

stores protein

20
Q

describe each:
- lysosomes
-peroxisomes
-proteasesomes

A
  1. lysosomes:
    - break down waste
    -remove old pathogen
    -found lots in WBC
  2. peroxisomes
    -break down fatty acids and amino acids
    -found in liver and kidney cells
  3. proteasomes
    - bin for damages and unwanted proteins
    -breaks down protein into smaller bits for recycling to keep cells health in check
21
Q

what does the mitochondria produce?

A

ATP
- responsible for producing the energy used to power cells

22
Q

whats the difference between nucleus, nuclear pores and nucleolus?

A
  1. nucleus= control centre
  2. nuclear pores= in membranes that act like gates that control what goes in/out of the nucleus
    3.nucleolus= makes ribosomes
23
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue cells and their function?

A
  1. epithelial cells=lining of organs
  2. connective cells=protects/supports organs
  3. muscular cells=movement
  4. nervous cells=action potential= enables communication in the body’s nervous system
24
Q

functions of epithelial cells?

A
  • absorption=for nutrients
    -secretion/excretion= of substances and waste through glands
    -solute transport (kidney tubules)= moves dissolved substances across membrane
    -protection= between skin and organs and stops pathogens entering
    -sensory receptors = in taste buds
25
Q

what do connective tissues do?

A
  • give structure to other tissues/organs
26
Q

name 3 examples of connective tissues within the body:

A
  1. blood
  2. cartilage
    3.bone
27
Q

define avascular and vascular

A

vascularised means there’s a lot of blood vessels present

28
Q

what 2 things is the extracellular matrix in a connective tissue made up of?

A
  • fibres and ground substance
29
Q

name 3 muscular tissues

A
  • skeletal
  • muscle
  • smooth
30
Q

name the function, appearance and control of each muscular tissue

A
  1. skeletal
    - movement
    - striated
    - voluntary
  2. cardiac
    - pumps blood
    - striated
    - involuntary
  3. smooth
    - contract/relaxes involuntary
    - non-striated
    - involntary
31
Q

what are the 2 types of cells that make up the nervous system?

A
  1. neurons
  2. neuroglia
32
Q

whats the difference between neurons vs neuroglia?

A
  1. neurons= process and collect info
    - big
    -minority
    - make AP
  2. neuroglia= supports the neuron
    -small
    -majority
    -no AP

anatomy (31 decks)

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