respiratory disease

Question 1

name some defence mechanisms in respiratory tract

Answer 1

• mucus layer and ciliary escalator
• macrophages
• IgA antibodies= help neutralise and stop microbial infections

Question 2

difference between type 1 and 2 alveolar cells

Answer 2

type 1:
- lining of alveoli
- gas exchange between air in alveoli and blood in surrounding capillaries

type 2: secrete surfactant
- helps reduce surface tension in alveoli and stop from falling when exhaled

Question 3

what is Lobar pneumonia

Answer 3

lung infection caused by pneumococci bacteria that affects only one lobe of lung
- if with pleurisy( inflammation in pleura) lungs will be inflamed

Question 4

what are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia

Answer 4

1. congestion= exudate(protein) fills alveoli and capillaries get congested making lungs look heavy and red
2. Red Hepatisation: accumulation of neutrophils, macrophages and lympcoytes
3. Grey Hepatisation: Cells are destroyed by inflammation, and fibrinogen(protein that helps blood clot) increases, making the lung look like a grey liver
4. Resolution: Inflammation decreases, and the lung starts to heal and return to normal

Question 5

what does primary Tb mean? and define Ghon complex

Answer 5

-inhalation of bacteria
- lung infection
- immune system send macrophages to engulf bacteria but can lead to ghon focus= lung lesions (abnormal areas)
- near the ghon focus are lymph nodes and can get enlarged there makes=ghon complex

Question 6

what does secondary Tb mean?

Answer 6

reactivation of infection from primary and now spread to both lungs causing lesions(damage tissue)

Question 7

what does miliary Tb mean?

Answer 7

• caused by failure of immune response against Tb bacteria
• lead to spread of bacteria in body thru bloodstream affecting organs

Question 8

what does Chronic bronchitis mean?

Answer 8

• caused by smoking
• thick BM
• excess mucus excess glands – obstruction

Question 9

what is asthma and its points:

Answer 9

• starts by type 1 hypersensitivity where mast cells release histamine
• makes bronchial smooth muscle contract= airway blocked= aka paroxysmal

Question 10

what does Emphysema mean?

Answer 10

• lung conditions where they get big and damaged due to smoking
• caused by imbalance between protease enzymes that promote tissue damage and anti protease that protect lung tissue

Question 11

what is Asbestosis?

Answer 11

• lung disease caused by inhalation of silicon fibres
• macrophages try to degrade it but fail so form ferruginous bodies (clump of iron/protein)
• lead to inflammation=cancer

Question 12

what does Silicosis mean?

Answer 12

like asbestosis but less inflammation as macrophages eat silica particles which leads to their own death