endocrine 1

Question 1

what are hormones?

Answer 1

chemical messengers made by glands

Question 2

what controls the hormone levels?

Answer 2

negative feedback

when hormones act on target cells and cause damage these changes feedback to stop releasing

Question 3

Endocrine disorders can be categorized into 3 types?

Answer 3

1. secretory deficiency:
   - failure of organ
   - low cortisol levels= regulate stress/metabolism
2. Receptor failure:
   -T cells cant respond
   - like Type 2
3. Secretory excess:
   - too much hormones
   - caused by benign/cancer

Question 4

in the hypothalamus what do nerve cells release and explain its process

Answer 4

releasing hormones that go to capillaries and into portal circulation to the pituitary gland and releasing hormones like LH,FSH,GH,TSH

Question 5

in liver GH release 2 hormones IGF-1 and IGF-2, what do these both do?

Answer 5

protein synthesis= from amino acid
insulin antagonist= makes it hard for cells to take in glucose= hypergycemia

Question 6

points on GH secretion pulsatile

Answer 6

• means GH is released in sections
• has anabolic effects like growing of long bones before puberty and muscle growth through protein synthesis

Question 7

what can GH disorders lead to kids/adults?

Answer 7

too much in kids= grow to big
too little in kids= dwarfism

too much in adults= acromegaly - big hands/feet
too little in adults= lean body mass loss

Question 8

name of disease when theres too much ACTH?

Answer 8

Cushings disease= caused by ACTH secreting adenoma
- result sin high levels of ACTH and cortisol and NFB not working

Question 9

in adrenal insufficiency what are the main 2 types:

Answer 9

1. primary= adrenal glands damaged so less cortisol,and pituitary gland releases more ACTH to make cortisol, but since glands are damaged cortisol is low
2. secondary= problem with the pituitary gland =low ACTH=adrenal gland get less stimulation to make cortisol

Question 10

what hormone is increased during pregnancy?

Answer 10

Prolactin = PRL
- starts the milk process
- controlled by dopamine
- when theres too much due to adenoma of PRL secreting cell or any tumor blocking dopamine it causes infertility, loss of period,milk discharge (involuntary)