neoplasia

Question 1

difference between malignant and benign tumours?

Answer 1

benign:
- doesn’t invade other cells nearby
- slow growth
- no metastases (doesn’t spread to other parts of the body)

malignant:
- metastases
- cell structure changes in the nucleus
- invades cells nearby
- rapid and uncontrolled growth

Question 2

difference between Sarcomas and Carcinomas?

Answer 2

Carcinomas:
- malignant tumours of epithelial cells (organs and tissues)

Sarcomas
- are malignant tumours of connective cells like bones, muscles, blood vessels

Question 3

what are anaplastic cells?

Answer 3

• abnormal cells/ nucleus
• seen in aggressive cancers
• staining helps to identify them

Question 4

5 stages of cancer evolution

Answer 4

• BM no longer together= as tumour grows it can break BM(thin layer of tissues)
• Surrounding fibrous capsule: fibrous capsule may form around the tumour to contain it
• Capsule breached: tumour can break through the fibrous capsule, allowing it to spread further into nearby tissues.
• gives stellate look= star-like look
• metastases= cancer spreads to other parts of the body

Question 5

define primary and secondary tumours

Answer 5

Primary tumor= first place where cancer grows into tumor
secondary tumor= cells break away from primary and travel through bloodstream to other organs

Question 6

what is Haematogenous spread?

Answer 6

from primary tumour( lung cancer, breast,brain) to the bloodstream leading to secondary tumours in other organs

Question 7

what are other forms of Haematogenous spread and where do they spread more often?

Answer 7

• venous spread=cancer cells spread via veins
• occur first in sarcomas( malignant tumour in connective tissues)
• then later in carcinoma ( malignant tumour in epithelial cells)