respiratory system

Question 1

examples of the upper and lower tract organs

Answer 1

upper= pharynx, nose and nasal cavity

lower=trachea, larynx and lungs

Question 2

what 2 zones is the respiratory system separated into and define each one+examples?

Answer 2

1. respiratory zone=main site of gas exchange
   - alveoli
   -bronchioles
   - alveolar sacs/ducts
2. conducting zone=brings in air from outside
   - nose
   -trachea
   - larnyx/pharynx
   - esophagus

Question 3

what is the main region of gas exchange and define it

Answer 3

alveoli, is in charge of gas diffusion between 0 and c02 when 02 enters the bloodstream

Question 4

in temrs of cells what 3 things are alveoli made up of?

Answer 4

• type 1 cells= gas exchange between pulmonary cells
• type 2 cells= release surfactant that stops the alveoli from falling
• macrophages= stop foreign material in

Question 5

what are the 3 types of circulation and explain them

Answer 5

1. systemic= carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
2. pulmonary= carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns it to the heart
3. coronary= supplies only oxygenated blood to only the heart

Question 6

where does the 02 and c02 diffuse from? in alveolis

Answer 6

02 diffuse from the alveoli to the blood in the pulmonary capillary

c02 diffuse from the blood in the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli

Question 7

where does 02 and c02 diffuse from in tissue cells?

Answer 7

02 diffuse from blood in systemic capillaries to the body cells

c02 diffuse from the body cells to blood in the systemic capillaries

Question 8

what is haemoglobin?

Answer 8

• RBC that carries oxygen around the body

Question 9

what happens when theres a high/low P02?

Answer 9

high P02: haemoglobin has a high affinity for 02
- key for the lungs as oxygen is taken up by blood in alveoli

low P02: haemoglobin has low affinity for 02”
- allows oxygen to be released in tissues for respiration

Question 10

where does the bohr and haldane occur in the body?

Answer 10

hAldane=alveoli ( lungs )
bOhr= organs (tissues)

H=hameoglobin
A=afifnity
LD=carbon dioxide
in lungs, high level of carbon dioxide release 02 form RBC

B
O= oxygen
H=haemoglobin
R=reselased in tissues

in tissues high level of oxygen promotes the release of c02 form RBC

Question 11

which 2 chains is the haemoglobin made up of?

Answer 11

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Question 12

what device is used to measure haemoglobin?

Answer 12

a pulse oximeter, measure how much haemoglobin is present as oxyhaemoglobin

Question 13

what 3 ways is C02 transported in the blood?

Answer 13

1. plasma
   2.bicarbonate
   3.haemoglobin

Question 14

explain the process in which c02 is transported in the blood?

Answer 14

1. in RBC c02 reacts with water to make carbonic acid
2. then separates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonic ions
3. bicarbonic goes out of the RBC into the plasma in exchange for chloride ions

Question 15

what does the boyles law state?

Answer 15

pressure is inversely proportional to the volume

Question 16

when does the air move out of the lungs?

Answer 16

alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

Question 16

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

Answer 16

contracts

Question 17

describe the movement of a rib cage during inhalation and exhalation

Answer 17

1. inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends, rib cage)
2. thoracic cavity volume increases
3. lungs stretch and its volume increases, this expansion of lungs kead to a decrease of intrapulmonary pressure ( boyles law: p-1/v)
   4.air flows into lungs unctil intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure )

exhalation is the opposite of ^

Question 17

difference between Tidal Volume and Respiratory rate

Answer 17

Tv= amount of air going in/out of lungs each breath
RR= number of breaths per min

Question 18

define lung compliance

Answer 18

lung and chest wall expand easily