Haematological malignancies

Question 1

what can chromosomal abnormalities in leukaemia include?

Answer 1

break= chromosomes can break and stick in a wrong way

translate= one piece moves to another

delete=some are missing affecting genes

addition= extra piece can affect cell growth

Question 2

points on leukimia and define

Answer 2

• cells proliferate causing crowding and squeezing out normal marrow cells
• acute/chronic

definition= cancer in bone and blood due to genetic mutations

Question 3

leukaemia can be categorised into 2 types:

Answer 3

acute and chronic

Question 4

define AML (acute myeloid leukaemia) and what does it lead to?

Answer 4

• Is where myeloid cells (immature blood cells) fail to mature into healthy ones
• instead, they multiply and crowd out normal RBC in bone marrow leading to anaemia

Question 5

Define ALL (acute lymphatic leukima)

Answer 5

rapid uncontrollable growth of lymphoblast(immature WBC) in bone marrow

Question 6

define CML (chronic Myeloid leukaemia) and key points on it including chromosome types

Answer 6

• cancer that produces too many neutrophils
• lots of abnormal neutrophils in bloodstream
• has a ganetic change between chromosomes 9 and 22 called Philadelphia (translocation)
• when binded they produce cell proliferation

Question 7

difference between hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 7

Hodgkins:
- spread across lymph nodes
- evolves into Reed-Sternberg cells and mononuclear cells

Non-Hodgkins:
- consists of mostly T/B cells
- unpredictable spread patterns like follicular and diffuse

Question 8

points of myeloma

Answer 8

• weakens and dissolves bone
• starts osteoclast
• release inflammatory
• is a cancer that affect plasma cells which make antibodies