Diseases of the neonatal lamb Flashcards

1
Q

What are common reasons for death intra-partum?

A

– Born dead
– ‘Birth stress’ resulting in a hypoxia, failure to suck, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia
– Ruptured liver
– Fractured ribs
– Brain haemorrhage

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2
Q

What are common reasons for death post partum?

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Starvation
  • Infections
    -Watery mouth
    -Salmonella
    -Cryptosporidia
    -Septicaemia
    -Meningitis
    -Joint ill
    -Clostridial Disease
    -Pasturellosis
  • Predation
  • Accidents
  • Congenital defects
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3
Q

How much colostrum should be given in first feed / + first 24hours?

A
  • First feed = 50ml / kg
  • 200ml/kg in 24hours (1litre)
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4
Q

What are risk factors for poor colostrum intake?

A
  • Concurrent diseases - dystocia, lameness, fluke…
  • Under-nutrition ewe
  • Breeding - mothering, lamb vigour
  • Age of ewe
  • Multiple lambs
  • Lambing environment - stress, mismothering, poor weather
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5
Q

What can be used as colostrum substitutes?

A
  • Ewe colostrum +++
  • Goat colostrum
  • Cow colostrum - less energy (need more)
  • Commercial colostrum
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6
Q

What are risk factors for primary hypothermia?

A
  • Out-door lambing
  • Younger ewes
  • Wet weather
  • Small birth weight
  • Failure to feed
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7
Q

How can you prevent hypothermia?

A
  • Lambing period
  • Genetics
  • Ewe nutrition
  • Shelter
  • Lamb coats
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8
Q

How do you treat hypothermia?
why would you not administer orally?

A
  • intra peritoneal glucose
    oral = regurgitation, inhalational pneumonia + asphyxia
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9
Q

How would you treat a starving lamb?

A
  • if its holding its head = stomach tube
  • If not holding its head = IP glucose
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10
Q

What are some enteric diseases in lambs?

A
  • Watery mouth
  • Lamb dysentery
  • ETEC
  • Septicaemia / meningitis - pasteurellosis
  • Rotavirus
  • Salmonella
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Drunken lamb syndrome
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11
Q

What are clinical signs of watery mouth?

A
  • 12-72 hours of age
  • Dull
  • Unwilling to suck
  • Normothermic
  • ‘watery mouth’ - saliva drooling from the muzzle.
  • Profuse lacrimation
  • Frequently accompanied by abomasal tympany
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12
Q

What are differential diagnoses for watery mouth?

A
  • Lamb dysentery
  • Neonatal scours - E. coli K-99, Rotavirus
  • Drunken lamb syndrome - D-lactic acidosis syndrome
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13
Q

How can you treat, prevent and control watery mouth?

A
  • Tx = enteral / parenteral antibiotics, oral rehydration
  • Prevention = good quality colostrum, clean dry bedding + disinfected pens
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14
Q

What causes lamb dysentery?
How is it prevented?

A
  • Clostridium perfringens type B
  • beta + epsilon toxins
  • Vaccinate - heptavac, bravoxin, covexin, ovivac
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15
Q

What are clinical signs of lamb dysentery?

A
  • 1-3 days of age
  • Sudden death
  • Haemorrhagic diarrhoea
  • PM = dark red intestines, pale friable liver + blood stained peritoneal fluid
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16
Q

How is enterotoxigenic E.coli treated?

A
  • Uncommon - tx = fluid therapy
  • Control = hygiene + colosturm
17
Q

What are clinical signs of neonatal salmonellosis?

A
  • Weakness
  • Profuse watery diarrhoea
  • Blood stained
  • Dehydration
  • Death

ZOONOTIC

18
Q

What does cryptosporidiosis cause?

A
  • Villous atrophy in distal SI
  • Malabsorption, diarrhoea
    ZOONOTIC

give fluid therapy

19
Q

What are clinical signs of drunken lamb syndrome?

A
  • 7-10days
  • Ataxia
  • Stop sucking
  • Recumbent + depressed
20
Q

What is treatment of drunken lamb syndrome?

A

Sodium bicarbonate - neuralize acidosis

21
Q

When is joint ill seen? How is it treated? Prognosis?

A
  • Seen in 2-3wk old lambs
  • Antibiotics + NSAIDs
  • Poor response
22
Q

What bacteria causes joint ill?

A
  • Streptococcus dysgalactiae - resistance to tetracyclines
23
Q

How is navel ill prevented?

A
  • Immersion in iodine within 15mins of birth
  • Good hygiene practices
  • Colostrum
  • Tx - penicillin
24
Q

How do iodine deficiency present in lambs?

A
  • Goitre in new born lambs
  • Late abortions
  • Minimal fleece in live lambs
  • PM - thyroid gland weight >0.4g/kg live weight
25
Q

How is iodine deficiency treated / prevented?

A
  • Ewe supplementation
  • Tx - oral potassium iodide
26
Q

What is seen with copper deficiency?

A
  • Swayback
  • Fine head tremors
  • Osteoporosis
  • Tendon abnormalities
  • Depigmentation of coloured wool/ poor wool quality
  • Anaemia

*common in upland / hill areas

27
Q

What is the treatment of swayback?

A

none - euthanasia

28
Q

What is white muscle disease?
Tx?

A
  • Vitamin E + selenium deficiency
  • Tx = potassium selenate / Vitamin E
29
Q

What are some congenital malformations?

A
  • Atresia ani
  • Schistosoma reflexa
  • Brachygnathia
  • Entropion
  • Dandy walker malformation
30
Q

What is seen in a post mortem of a lamb due to dystocia?

A
  • Swollen head / tongue
  • Meconium staining
  • Oedema head shoulders
  • Fractured ribs / limbs
  • Free blood in carcass
  • Haemorrhages
31
Q

What is seen in a post mortem of a lamb due to hypothermia / starvation?

A
  • No brown fat
  • Minimal body fat
  • No milk in abomasum