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BIOCHEMISTRY > ENERGY METABOLISM I AND II > Flashcards

ENERGY METABOLISM I AND II Flashcards

1
Q

removal of electrons

A

oxidation

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2
Q

gain of electrons

A

reduction

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3
Q

oxidizes a reduced substrate
also called oxidant; electron acceptor
must be in the oxidized state
converted to the reduced form

A

oxidizing agent

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4
Q

reduces an oxidized substrate; also called reductant
electron donor
must be in the reduced state
converted to the oxidized state

A

reducing agent

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5
Q

measures the tendency of a biologic system to release or accept electrons

A

standard redox potential

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6
Q

enzymes involved in oxidation and reduction

A

oxidoreductases

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7
Q

4 groups of oxidoreductases

A

oxidases, dehydrogenases, hydroperoxidase, oxygenase

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8
Q

transfers electrons directly to oxygen

catalyze removal of hydrogen from a substrate by using oxygen as a hydrogen receptor

forms water or hydrogen peroxide

examples include: flavin mononucleotide

A

oxidase

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9
Q

it is a hemoprotein

contains 2 hemes (2 Fe)

terminal component of the ETC

inhibited by carbon monoxide, cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide

A

cytochrome oxidase

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10
Q

contains flavin mononucleotide or flavin dinucleotide as prosthetic groups

derivatives of vitamin B2 or flavoprotein

A

flavoprotein oxidases

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11
Q

enzyme found in the kidney, oxidative deamination of naturally occuring amino acids

flavoprotein oxidase

A

l-amino acid oxidase

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12
Q

contains metals as essential cofactors

ex. xanthine oxidase, FMN linked (contains molybdenum)

A

metalloflavoproteins

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13
Q

transfer of hydrogen from one substrate to another in a coupled oxidation-reduction reaction

transfers electrons in the electron transport chain

A

dehydrogenases

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14
Q

3 types of dehydrogenases

A

pyridine linked dehydrogenases
flavin linked dehydrogenases
cytochrome b,c1, c , a

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15
Q

use derivatives of of niacin as coenzymes

examples:NAD+ and NADP-linked dehydrogenase

A

pyridine linked dehydrogenase

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16
Q

involved in oxidative pathways of metabolism that generates ATP

ex: glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and ETC

A

NAD linked dehydrogenase

17
Q

involved in reductive synthesis

examples fatty acid and steroid synthesis

A

NADP linked dehydrogenase

18
Q

FMN and FAD are more tightly bound

derivatives of vitamin B2 or riboflavin

involved in electron transport chain and therefore ATP generation

examples NADH, succinate, and fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenases

A

flavin linked dehydrogenases

19
Q

derived from Niacine (Vit. B3)
active portion is the nicotinamide ring
carries 2 electrons but only 1 H+
NADH+H

A

NAD

20
Q

derived from Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
active portion is the isoalloxazine ring
carries 2 electrons and 2H+

A

FAD

21
Q

iron containing hemoproteins

iron atoms oscillates between oxidized fe3+ ferric and reduced Fe2+ ferrous states

involved as carriers of electrons from flavoproteins to cytochrome oxidase

found in the respiratory chain
Cytochromes b, c1, c, and a

A

cytochromes

22
Q

uses hydrogen peroxide or an organic peroxide as substrate

found in peroxisomes

peroxidase and catalase

A

hydroperoxidases

23
Q

hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water by substances that act as electron donors

prosthetic group is protoheme

ex: glutathione peroxidase

A

peroxidase

24
Q

contains selenium as prosthetic group catalyzes destruction of H20 and lipid hydroperoxides through conversion of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione

protects membrane lipids and hemoglobin
prevents hemolytic anemia

A

glutathione peroxidase

25
Q

uses hydrogen peroxide as electron donor and electron acceptor to form water

destroys hydrogen peroxide formed by oxidases

tetramer of four polypeptide chains

A

catalase

26
Q

catalyzes the direct transfer and incorporation of oxygen into a substrate molecule

  1. oxygen binds to the active site of the enzyme
  2. bound oxygen is reduced or transferred to a substrate
  3. Two kinds: dioxygenase and monooxygenase
A

oxygenase

27
Q

incorporates both atoms of molecular oxygen into substrate

ex. homogentisate, L tryptophan and 3, hydroxyanthranilate dioxygenases

A

dioxygenase

28
Q

incorporates only 1 atom of molecular oxygen to substrate

example is cytochrome P450 important for the detoxification of many drugs and hydroxylation of steroids

A

monooxygenase

29
Q

catalyzes removal of superoxide

due to conversion of oxygen to a reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

superoxide dismutase

30
Q

electron transport chain is made up of the following electron carriers which are

A

NAD
FMN
Co-Enzyme Q
Cytochromes B, C, A ,and A3

31
Q

collects and transports reducing equivalents and directs them to their final reaction with oxygen to form water

acts as proton pumps (COMPLEX 1, 3, 4)

coupled to oxidative phophorylation

A

electron transport chain

32
Q

electrons are transferred from NADH to coenzyme Q (ubuiquinone)

A

COMPLEX 1 - NADH-Q oxidoreductase

33
Q

FAD-linked dehydrogenase oxidizes a substrate (e.g. succinate) and passes electrons to CoQ

A

COMPLEX II - succinate q-reductase

34
Q

passes electrons from CoQ to cytochrome c

A

q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

35
Q

transfer electrons to oxygen reducing the latter to water

A

cytochrome c oxidase

36
Q

________- links complex 1 and 2 to complex 3

A

CoQ

37
Q

____________ links complex 3 to complex 4

A

cyto c

38
Q

_____________ hydrogen are use to form 2 water and _______- are pumped in the intermembrane space

A

4

BIOCHEMISTRY (40 decks)

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