Introduction to Anesthesia Pharmacology (Exam I) Flashcards
Does general anesthesia, by definition, necessitate the use of an artificial airway or ventilator?
- No, it is just most often required.
How arousable would one be with the use of minimal sedation?
- Arousable to verbal commands.
How arousable would one be with the use of moderate sedation?
- Arousable to touch/loud verbal.
How arousable would one be with the use of deep sedation?
- Arousable to painful stimulation.
Who developed the Materia Medica?
What was the Materia Medica?
- Dioscorides
- Materia Medica was a large volume of what essentially predated pharmacology with medical properties of plants, animals, minerals, etc.
What was wine combined with in ancient days to elicit a hallucinogenic effect?
- Mandragora
What are soporifics?
What components made up a soporific?
What was the reversal?
- Sponges soaked with premodern “anesthetics”.
- opium, mandrake or hemlock juice, hyposcyamus
- Reversal = vinegar
What drug was the first inhalation agent?
Who discovered it?
What was its use?
- Diethyl Ether
- Valerius Cordus
- Recreational (replaced expensive whiskey)
Who invented IV access?
What material was used?
- Wren & Boyle
- Goose quill
Who first discovered oxygen and nitrous oxide?
Who suggested its use for surgical pain control and was laughed away?
- Joseph Priestly
- Humphry Davy
Which dentist used nitrous for extractions?
What was noted with these extractions?
- Horace Wells
- no recall of pain/injury
Which person mixed nitrous and oxygen?
- Andrews
Who first utilized an anesthesia machine with nitrous/oxygen?
- Hewitt
What was ether called when it was first commercialized?
Who ended up purifying ether?
- Letheon
- Dr. Robinson Squibb
What are the disadvantages of ether?
- Flammable
- Prolonged induction/emergence
- Bad odor
- PONV
Which person defined pain?
What was the definition?
- Sir James Simpson
- “Actual or potential tissue damage”
What was Dr. John Snow famous for?
- Full time anesthetist & “discovered” epidemiology by tracing London cholera outbreak.
What were the downsides of chloroform use?
- Hepatotoxicity in children (Guthrie)
- Chloroform + adrenaline = fatal vfib (at least in animal studies) (Levy)
What drug was used for the 1st spinal anesthetic?
Who used it and what else did they develop?
- Cocaine
- Dr. August Bier (Bier Block)
Who was the “mother of nurse anesthesia”?
What did she do?
- Alice Magaw
- 14,000 open drop ether cases with no deaths