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pathology > 17- Diseases of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

17- Diseases of the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal glands
  • Kidney
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary
  • Uterus
  • Teste
A

Endocrine System

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2
Q

Chemical messengers produced and secreted by endocrine organs and glands.

  • Produced in a small amount by specialized cells.
  • Secreted into blood and transported by circulatory system.
  • Act on target (specific) tissues at another site.
A

Features of hormones

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3
Q

Communicate with other organs via:

  • Central and peripheral nervous system
  • Hormones
  • Cytokines
  • Growth factors

Include the pituitary glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.

  • Hypo
  • Hyper
A

Endocrine organs and glands

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4
Q

Regulators of immune response.

A

Cytokines

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5
Q

Underactive gland.

A

Hypo

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6
Q

Overactive gland.

A

Hyper

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7
Q

At the base of the brain.

  • Controlled by the hypothalamus and feedback-control mechanisms.
  • Regulates activity of other glands (thyroid, adrenal, testes and ovaries), and organs.
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

Secretes hormones- GH, FSH, LH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH.

A

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

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9
Q

Secretes hormones - ADH and oxytocin.

A

Posterior Pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q
  • Hypopituitarism
  • Growth hormone deficiency
    • Pituitary dwarfism
    • Pituitary cachexia
  • Hyperpituitarism
    • Giantism
    • Acromegaly
A

Diseases of the anterior pituitary gland

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11
Q

Due to hypofunction or hyposecretion.

  • Hereditary, malignant brain tumor, encephalitis, inflammation, or vascular changes in pituitary.
A

Hypopituitarism

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12
Q
  • In children: pituitary dwarfism

- Im adults: Pituitary cachexia

A

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency

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13
Q

Growth retardation, microcephaly, usually normal body proportions.

A

Pituitary dwarfism

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14
Q

Incomplete atrophy of the pituitary gland.

  • Emaciation (extremely lean), premature aging, loss of function in thyroid, adrenals, gonads.
A

Pituitary cachexia

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15
Q

Excess of GH.

  • In children: Giantism (gigantism)
  • In adults: Acromegaly
A

Hyperpituitarism

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16
Q

Accelerated linear growth prior to closure of epiphyseal plate (hands and feet are large).
- Usually caused by pituitary benign tumor.

A

Giantism (gigantism)

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17
Q
  • After fusion of epiphyseal plate
  • Usually caused by pituitary or hypothalamic tumor, or non-endocrine malignant tumor.
  • Weight gain, growth of soft tissues, enlargement of small bones of hands, feet, face, and skull.
A

Acromegaly

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18
Q
  • Diabetes Insipidus
A

Disease of the posterior pituitary gland

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19
Q 
Decreased secretion (hyposecretion) or action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- regulates fluid balance (water loss through kidneys)
  • Caused by destruction of posterior pituitary or defects in kidneys.
A

Diabetes insipidus

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20
Q
  • Excess fluid loss
  • Polyuria (overproduction of urine)
  • Dehydration
  • Heart problems
  • Kidney failure
A

Symptoms of diabetes insipidus

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21
Q

Neck region

  • Secretes hormones
    • T3 (triiodothyronine)
    • T4 (thyroxine = tetraiodothyronine
    • Calcitonin
  • Regulates body growth and metabolism
  • Regulates blood level of calcium
A

Thyroid gland

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22
Q
  • Hypothyroidism
    • Cretinism
    • Endemic goiter
    • Myxedema
  • Hyperthyroidism
    • Grave’s disease
    • Toxic goiter
    • Exophthalmos
A

Disease of the thyroid gland

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23
Q

= Hypothyroid (thyroid hormone deficiency)

  • May affect almost all body functions
  • Caused by chemicals, radiation, cancer, autoimmune disease, removal or thyroid gland or disease of pituitary gland.
  • In newborns: cretinism
  • In adults: obesity, weight gain, slow metabolism
    • endemic goiter
    • Myxedema
A

Hypothyroidism

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24
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism.

  • Due to hypoplasia of aplasia
  • Growth and mental retardation (also low GH)
A

Cretinism

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25
Q

Enlargement of thyroid gland usually due to lack of sufficient iodine.

A

Endemic goiter

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26
Q

Result of acute illness, trauma, or surgical removal of the thyroid.

  • Low BMR edema swelling, bloating of facial tissue, thickened tongue, puffy eyelids.
  • Bradycardia, slow breathing
  • Very low body temperature, constipation
  • Lethargy, mental sluggishness
A

Myxedema

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27
Q

Slow heart rate.

A

Bradycardia

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28
Q

In hypothyroidism, whether the thyroid gland is small or large depends on the cause of low levels of thyroid hormone.

A

Goiter size

29
Q

In children: increased body size (rapid growth)

In adults: Grave’s disease, toxic goiter, exophthalmos

A

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

30
Q

Autoimmune disease

  • Abnormal antibodies similar to TSH mimic its function and continuously stimulate release of thyroid hormones.
  • Results in high BMR, sweating, rapid heart rate, weight loss, restlessness, mood shifts, limited energy and fatigue.
A

Grave’s disease

31
Q

Disfigurement/swelling in the neck.

A

Toxic goiter

32
Q

Protrusion of eyeballs, fibrous tissue becomes edematous (swollen).

A

Exophthalmos

33
Q

Paired, located on top of the kidneys. Produce and secrete:

  • Cortical hormones
    • Mineralocorticoids
    • Glucocorticoids
    • Sex hormones
  • Medullary hormones
    • Epinephrine and norepinephrine
A

Adrenal glands

34
Q

Steroid hormones.

A

Cortical hormones

35
Q

Regulate sodium and potassium.

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

36
Q

Regulate carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, suppress inflammation.

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

37
Q

Estrogens and androgens.

A

Sex hormones

38
Q

Secreted in stress situation (fight or flight response): epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

  • Increase heart rate and blood pressure
  • Cause vasoconstriction
  • Increase respiration
A

Medullary hormones

39
Q
  • Hypoadrenalism
    • Addison’s Disease
  • Hyperadrenalism
    • Crushing’s syndrome
  • Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
  • Pheochromocytoma
A

Disease of the Adrenal glands

40
Q

Primary adrenal insufficiency

A

Hypoadrenalism

41
Q

Deficiency (hyposecretion) of cortical hormones.

  • Due to lesion on adrenal gland (tumor, scar)
  • Most common in females.
A

Addison’s Disease

42
Q
  • Weakness, fatigability, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, hypotension, hypoglycemia
  • Increased risk of infections
  • Increased skin pigmentation
  • In late stages- kidney and mental changes.
A

Results of Addison’s Disease

43
Q

Increased secretion (hypersecretion) of cortical hormones.

  • In young to middle-aged females
  • Thirst (aldosterone secretion)
  • Weight gain (accumulation of fat around the face = moon face, and behind shoulders = buffalo hump) - Abdominal striae
  • Wasting of muscles in extremities
  • Increased heart rate
  • Hirsutism
  • Higher risk of infections
A

Crushing’s syndrome

44
Q

Excess hair.

A

Hirsutism

45
Q

Stretch marks.

A

Abdominal striae

46
Q

Acute adrenal insufficiency due to hemorrhage into adrenal gland caused by meningococcal infection.

  • Sudden high fever, skin discoloration and petechie
  • Hypotension => vascular shock => disseminated intravascular coagulation
A

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

47
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine - producing tumor in adrenal medulla.

  • Hypertension, headache
  • Excessive sweating, anxiety, constipation, low energy level.
A

Pheochromocytoma

48
Q

Four or more tiny glands located on the posterior part of the thyroid gland.
- Produce and secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH) = parathormone

A

Parathyroid glands

49
Q

Regulates calcium and potassium levels in blood.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) = parathormone

50
Q

Caused by resection of thyroid gland or exposure of parathyroid glands to heavy metals (copper or iron); results in hypocalcemia tetany.

A

Hypoparathyroidism

51
Q

Sustained muscular contraction

  • Chvostek’s sign
  • Trosseau’s sign
A

Hypocalcemia tetany

52
Q

Facial muscle spasm.

A

Chvostek’s sign

53
Q

Arm muscle spasm.

A

Trosseau’s sign

54
Q

Located below the stomach.

- Produces and secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar level.

A

Pancreas

55
Q
  • Hyposecretion
    • Gestational diabetes
    • Diabetes mellitus
      • type 1
      • type 2
A

Diseases of the pancreas

56
Q

Hereditary or acquired.

A

Hyposecretion of the pancreas

57
Q

Elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone destroy insulin or block insulin action.

A

Gestational diabetes

58
Q

Impaired glucose regulation (hyperglycemia) caused by interactions of genetics, environmental factors and lifestyle.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

59
Q

(Juvenile-onset diabetes); 10-14 years old.

  • Total or near total absence of insulin production
  • Often due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

60
Q

Associated with variable degrees of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, increased glucose production and obesity.
- Insulin resistance leads to increased insulin secretion by beta cells, followed by insulin decline and deficiency.

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

61
Q
  • Ulcers
  • Yellow skin and nails
  • Abscess from injections
  • Dermopath
  • Blisters
  • Joint problems
A

Complications of Diabetes mellitus

62
Q

Testes in males and ovaries in females.

A

Gonads

63
Q

Produce sperm and secrete testosterone.

A

Testes

64
Q

Produce ova and secrete estrogen.

A

Ovaries

65
Q
  • Hypergonadism (hypersecretion)

- Hypogonadism

A

Diseases of the gonads

66
Q

Abnormally increased activity of gonads before puberty => early onset of puberty.

  • Exaggerated sex drive and/or development of secondary sex characteristics.
  • In males: aggressive behavior and increased risk of testicular cancer.
  • May increase risk of ovarian cancer.
  • More common in males, due to tumor in testes.
A

Hypergonadism

67
Q

Decreased activity of gonads.

  • In males: if born without testes or testes fail to descend.
  • In females: If missing or underdeveloped ovaries.
  • Results in:
    • Delayed onset of puberty
    • Regression of secondary sexual characteristics
    • Sterility
A

Hypogonadism

68
Q
  • Edema
  • Discoloration
  • Deformities
  • Interference of circulation
  • Hemorrhage
A

Postmortem conditions

pathology (23 decks)

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