Inflammation

Question 1

A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain and sometimes loss of function.

-only occurs on vascularized tissue

Answer 1

Inflammation

Question 2

Inflammation of connective tissues

Answer 2

Phlegmon

Question 3

• Protective defense mechanism
• Isolates and destroys the invader
• Cleans up the debris to promote healing
• DOES NOT include REPAIR

Answer 3

Functions of Inflammation

Question 4

• Swelling
• Heat
• Redness
• Pain
• Altered function

Answer 4

Cardinal signs and symptoms of Inflammation

Question 5

Swelling

Answer 5

Tumor

Question 6

Heat

Answer 6

Calor

Question 7

Redness

Answer 7

Rubor

Question 8

Pain

Answer 8

Dolor

Question 9

Altered function

Answer 9

Functio laesa

Question 10

• Physical irritants (trauma, burns, radiation)
• Chemical irritants (irritating gases)
• Infectious agents (viruses, bacteria)
• Immunological reactions (autoimmune disease)
  e. g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, erythematosus

Answer 10

Causes of Inflammation

Question 11

Increased permeability of vessels

Answer 11

Cause of swelling (tumor)

Question 12

Vasodilation

Answer 12

Cause of heat, cause of redness (calor, rubor)

Question 13

Nervous stimulation and swelling

Answer 13

Cause of pain (dolor)

Question 14

Swelling and pain

Answer 14

Cause of altered function (functio laesa)

Question 15

Each type of inflammation begins as this, lasts a few minute to a few days, regenerates tissues and restores their functions, scars may form, may progress to chronic.

Answer 15

Acute inflammation

Question 16

• Can last from days to years.
• Active inflammation, tissue destruction, and the presents of an inflammatory exudate containing lymphocytes and macrophages.

Answer 16

Chronic inflammation

Question 17

This triggers tissue mast cells (WBC) release > release histamine > Vasodilation > hyperemia > formation of inflammatory exudate> edema > neutrophils and macrophages move toward the site to destroy debris and bacteria.

Answer 17

Tissue injury

Question 18

Increased diameter of blood vessel capillaries.

Answer 18

Vasodilation

Question 19

Increased blood flow to an area. active is arterial blood, passive is venous blood. (This brings more WBCs to the area).

Answer 19

Hypperemia

Question 20

Phagocytic white blood cells moving towards an area of inflammation in response to the release of chemical mediators by neutrophils, monocytes, and injured tissues.

Answer 20

Chemotaxis

Question 21

A process in which phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms, other foreign antigens, and cell debris.

Answer 21

Phagocytosis

Question 22

Escape from the blood vessel into the injured tissue by diapedesis to perform phagocytosis.

Answer 22

Neutrophils

Question 23

Squeezing through a capillary wall.

Answer 23

Diapedesis

Question 24

Production of discharge and pus.

Answer 24

Suppuration

Question 25

Thick opaque, usually yellowish white fluid formed by suppuration, composed of exudate containing leukocytes, tissue debris, and microorganisms.

Answer 25

Pus

Question 26

Specific pathologic structural or functional changes, or both brought about by disease or injury.

Answer 26

Lesion

Question 27

Localized, circumscribed accumulation of pus.

Answer 27

Abscess

Question 28

Open sore or lesion of skin (epidermis) or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue.

Answer 28

Ulcer

Question 29

Blister-like elevation of skin containing serous fluid.

Answer 29

Vesicle

Question 30

Abscess or pyogenic (producing puss) infection of sweat glands or hair follicles.

Answer 30

Furuncle (boil)

Question 31

Several communicating boils of skin and subcutaneous tissues with production and discharge of pus and dead tissue.

Answer 31

Carbuncle

Question 32

A small elevation of skin containing pus.

Answer 32

Pustule

Question 33

* Abscess * Ulcer * Vesicle * Furuncle * Carbuncle * Pustule

Answer 33

Inflammatory Lesions

Question 34

Thick liquid around infection site due to blood fluid that oozes through the tissues into a cavity or to the surface. It is a mixture of proteins, leukocytes, and tissue debris; proportion of proteins and inflammatory cells vary.

Answer 34

Exudate

Question 35

Clear serum like fluid; primarily fluid, with small amount of proteins, implies lesser injury (damage). e.g.- skin blisters, cold sores.

Answer 35

Serous

Question 36

Mostly inflammatory cells (neutrophils), tissue debris and pyogenic bacteria (pus).

Answer 36

Purulent

Question 37

Increased number of red blood cells (due to damaged leaking blood vessels), often infected, very serious condition.

Answer 37

Hemorrhagic

Question 38

Rich in fibrinogen; coagulates and forms fibrin; produces a sticky film on the surface of inflamed tissue; indicates larger injury. e.g.- strep throat, bacterial pneumonia

Answer 38

Fibrinous

Question 39

* Serous * Purulent * Hemorrhagic * Fibrinous

Answer 39

Inflammatory exudates

Question 40

Exudation of clear fluid with few cells.

Answer 40

Serous inflammation

Question 41

Fibrin-rich exudate.

Answer 41

Fibrinous inflammation

Question 42

Exudate rich in pus.

Answer 42

Purulent inflammation

Question 43

Loss of epithelium resulting in ulcerous lesion.

Answer 43

Ulcerative inflammation

Question 44

Ulceration and a pseudomembrane over the ulcer.

Answer 44

Pseudomembranous inflammation

Question 45

Specialized form of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas (accumulation of chronic inflammatory cells). e.g., tuberculosis

Answer 45

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 46

The termination of inflammatory response with the affected part returning to its normal healthy state.

Answer 46

Resolution

Question 47

The replacement of damaged cells with identical cells; leads to restoration of normal function. e.g., skin cells replaced by epithelium, bone cells replaced by osteocytes. - if this isn't possible, the tissue undergoes a process called repair.

Answer 47

Regeneration

Question 48

Physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissue by growth of healthy new cells, not necessarily the same type, or by surgery; results in scar formation.

Answer 48

Repair

Question 49

A form of repaired tissue consisting of connective tissue, does not restore function (no blood vessels or nerve endings). May occur in any tissue. e.g. - brain, heart

Answer 49

Scar (cicatrix)