Neoplasms and Cysts (Oncology) Flashcards by Heather Clark

Growth is regulated by genetic program and growth-promoting and/or growth-inhibiting factors.
Limited by contact with other cells.
Once cells are formed, they perform specialized functions.

Normal cells

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Permanent cellular changes triggered by adverse conditions.

Non-neoplastic changes
Neoplastic changes

Cellular Alterations

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New growth

Neoplastic

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Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Metaplasia

Non-neoplastic changes

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Abnormal development of tissue - altered size, shape and organization of cells; usually follows hyperplasia

Dysplasia

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Replacement of one type of tissue into a form that is not normally found there. (Cell changes into another cell type).

Metaplasia

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Wasting, decrease in size of an organ or tissue

Atrophy

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The enlargement of an organ or part due to the increase in the size of cells composing it.

Hypertrophy

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The increased size of an organ or part due to the excessive, but regulated, increase in the number of cells.

Hyperplasia

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The abnormal, excessive and uncontrolled multiplication of cells with the formation of a mass or new growth of tissue.

Neoplasm (Tumor)

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Genetic mutation due to exposure to carcinogens, this exposure may increase or promote abnormality of the cell.

Cause of neoplasms

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Cancer-causing agent or substance.

Carcinogen

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Present in the genes, cancer in the colon, breast, and prostate.

Genetic predisposition (carcinogen)

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Fungal toxins (on grains, nuts, peanut butter), viruses (HPV, hepatitis B).

Microbial carcinogen

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UV rays, X-rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays.

Radioactive factors (carcinogen)

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Asbestos, nickel, arsenic (insecticides), formaldehyde (hazard in embalming and making plastics), vinyl chloride (PVC).

Chemical carcinogen

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Estrogen and/pr progesterone (breast, uterus), testosterone (prostate).

Hormones (carcinogen)

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Acrylamide (generated in fried or overheated carbohydrate foods- french fries, potato chips) residue on barbecued meats.

Animal carcinogen

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Smoking and tobacco (lungs), diet (colon cancer: fat, saccharin, nitrates- preservatives in meat and fish), alcohol use, sexual behavior (cervical, penile cancer).

Personal risk behaviors

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-Based on appearance and growth pattern.
Benign
Malignant

Clinical classification of neoplasms

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Type of body tissue from which they arise.

Histological classification of neoplasms

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Not recurrent or progressive; nonmalignant.

- Oma e.g. lipoma

Benign

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Tending or threatening to produce death; harmful. Concerning cancerous growths: growing worse, resisting treatment.
- carcinoma or sarcoma

Malignant

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Trauma - e.g. spinal column, ligaments, fractures
Infections
Degenerative disorders- herniated disc
Inflammatory diseases- osteroporosis

Causes of Benign Tumors

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- Grow by expansion - Resemble tissue of origin - Encapsulated (covered with capsule), makes removal or excision easier - Do not migrate (do not metastasize) - Generally do not return after surgical removal - Do not cause extensive tissue damage - Do not cause whole body changes - Generally are not fatal

Benign neoplasm (BN) Characteristics

The spread of cancer from its primary site to a distant location in the body.

Metastasis

A group of closely packed cell that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form secretory parts of glands.

Epithelial tissue

Adenoma Papilloma Nevus Polyp

Types of epithelial tissue benign neoplams

A neoplasm formed by glandular (gland) epithelium. e.g.- Pituitary or adrenal glands

Adenoma

Circumscribed overgrowth or hypertrophy of the papillae of a cutaneous or mucous surface; caused by HPV. e.g.- genital warts

Papilloma

Circumscribed vascular tumor of the skin or other body organs due to hyperplasia of the blood vessels. e.g.- angioma

Nevus

Growth or mass of tissue that protrudes from a mucous membrane. e.g.- of the nose, uterus, rectum, vocal cords

Polyp

When growing in passageways > blockage e.g.- digestive system (difficulty in eating), respiratory system (difficulty in breathing). When growing in enclosed area, may press on normal tissue > tissue death > potentially death of the individual. e.g.- brain, nerves (pain, loss of sensation or movement)

Consequences of benign neoplasms in epithelial tissue

Loosely arranged cells and fibers that have nerve and blood supply; they connect, support, protect, transport, and insulate.

Connective tissue

Bone tumor.

Osteoma

Cartilage tumor.

Chondroma

Adipose tissue tumor.

Lipoma

Blood vessel or lymph vessel tumor.

Angioma

Benign blood vascular tissue.

Hemangioma

Tumor-like swelling filled with blood.

Hematoma

Fibrous, encapsulated tissue; irregular in shape, firm consistency. e.g.- jaws, pelvis, vertebrae

Fibroma

Grows from mastoid process producing an external swelling.

Mastoid osteoma

Uncommon, usually recurrent benign tumor of embryonic adipose tissue that occurs predominantly in children; on the extremities, neck.

Lipoblastoma

Painless, slowly growing, solid tumor that distorts shape of tissue; resembles a cauliflower ear.

Chondroma of auricle

``` Osteoma Chondroma Lipoma Angioma Hemangioma Hematoma Fibroma Mastoid osteoma Lipoblastoma Chondroma of auricle ```

Types of benign connective tissue neoplasms

Highly vascular tissue that allows movement of body parts and materials through tubes.

Muscle tissue

Rhabdomyoma | Leiomyoma

Types of benign neoplasms in muscular tissue

Striated (skeletal and cardiac) muscle tissue tumor; usually infants and young children, heart disorders (valve disease or arrhythmias).

Rhabdomyoma

Smooth muscle tissue tumor.

Leiomyoma

Form processes, recognize environmental changes, drives responses.

Nervous tissue

Tumor composed of nerve cells.

Neuroma

* Grow by infiltration * Metastasize creation secondary foci (Locations) * Can reoccur when surgically removed * Cause extensive tissue damage * Cause total body changes * Tumor does not resemble tissue surrounding it * Lethal unless treated

Characteristics of Malignant Neoplasm

Lung breast colon

Most common cancers

Malignant growth/tumor arising from epithelium.

Carcinoma

``` Melanoma Squamous cell carcinoma Basal cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma ```

Types of carcinomas

A malignant pigmented mole; arise from melanocytes.

Melanoma

Pigment producing cells in skin.

Melanocytes

Tumor of epidermal (skin) squamous cells.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Tumor of the basal cells of the epidermis (skin).

Basal cell carcinoma

Arising from glandular (gland) organ.

Adenocarcinoma

Tumor of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder or urethra).

Transitional cell carcinoma

- Least common, but most serious form of skin cancer. - Irregular outline, more than one color. - Grows over weeks and months anywhere on the body (not just in places that get a lot of sun). - If untreated, it can metastasize. - Arises from melanoctyes

Melanoma

- Carcinoma of the urinary system. | - Smoking cigarettes, inhaled carcinogens (rubber workers, pesticide applicators) increase the risk.

Transitional cell carcinoma

- Hematuria - Frequent, urgent, painful urination - Urinary incontinence - Abdominal pain - Anemia

Symptoms of Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Tumor arising from connective tissue.

Sarcoma

``` Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma Fibrosarcoma Lymphoma Lukemia ```

Types of malignant neoplasms of the connective tissue.

Bone tumor.

Osteosarcoma

Cartilage tumor.

Chondrosarcoma

Adipose tissue tumor.

Liposarcoma

Tumor of the vascular (forming vessels) endothelial cells.

Angiosarcoma

Tumor formed by fibrous tissue.

Fibrosarcoma

Tumor of the lymphatic system that arise in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid tissue.

Lymphoma

Tumor of blood forming structures/organs.

Leukemia

Rhabdomyosarcoma | Leiomyosarcoma

Types of muscular tissue malignant neoplasms

Tumor of striated (muscle and heart) muscle tissue.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Tumor of smooth muscle tissue.

Leiomyosarcoma

Glioma

Nervous tissue malignant neoplasm

Tumor of neuroglial cells. (nerve tissue).

Glioma

lymphatic system, blood, liver, lungs brain.

Metastasis of epithelial tissue carcinoma

Axillary lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone, brain.

Metastasis of breast cancer

Liver, lung, peritoneum.

Metastasis of colorectal cancer

Peritoneum, diaphragm, liver, lungs.

Metastasis of ovarian cancer

Bone

Metastasis of prostate cancer

Lungs, liver.

Metastasis of testicular cancer

Excessive wasting away of the body.

Emaciation

``` Emaciation Discoloration Hemorrhage Tissue deformation Extravascular obstruction Cachexia Dehydration ```

Postmortem conditions of neoplasms

Abnormal growth of tumors.

Tissue deformation

Tumors put pressure on tissues or organs.

Extravascular obstruction

Severe form of malnutrition; physical wasting (emaciation) with loss of weight and muscle mass caused by chronic progressive disease.

Cachexia

Sacs within or on the body surface containing air or fluid. | Can occur anywhere on the body and vary in size.

Cysts

- Wear and tear or obstructions to flow of fluid - Infections - Tumors - Chronic inflammatory conditions - Genetic conditions - Defects during embryonic development

Etiology of Cysts

- Ovarian - Sebaceous - Within the thyroid gland - Breast- part of benign proliferative disease (fibrocystic breast disease)

Types of Cysts

Benign, fluid-filled sacs on or near the ovary.

Ovarian cyst

Physiologic | Neoplastic

Types of ovarian cysts

Forming on normally functioning ovaries, most common, ,may become very large (grapefruit size); have to be removed.

Physiologic ovarian cyst

Abnormal type not related to function.

Neoplastic ovarian cyst

- Low back pain - Pelvic pain - Dyspareunia

Symptoms of ovarian cysts

Pain during intercourse.

Dyspareunia

Sebaceous gland that produces sebum (oil) becomes blocked and sebum collects under the skin (may cause swollen hair follicles). - Can form anywhere on the body (except for the palms and soles of the feet) - Most common on scalp, neck, groin area.

Sebaceous cyst (aka epidermal, keratin or epidermoid cysts)

Fluid-filled cyst that causes a bulge and a feeling of tightness behind your knee.

Baker cyst (popliteal)

Noncancerous lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of wrists, hands, ankles, or feet; typically round or oval and are filled with jelly-like fluid.

Ganglion cysts

A bacterial infection of the oil glands causing formation of a cyst.

Chalazion

Neoplasms and Cysts (Oncology) Flashcards

(102 cards)