Diseases Of The Urinary System 13 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Diminished amount of urine production (less than .4L/day), same frequency, due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms.
A
Oliguria
2
Q
No urine output; due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis.
A
Anuria
3
Q
Increase in urine output (2.5L/day); due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH (antiduretic hormone).
A
Polyuria
4
Q
Red blood cells (RBC) in urine, due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning.
A
Hematuria
5
Q
Hemoglobin in urine; due to poisons, increased destruction anemia.
A
Hemoglobinuria
6
Q
Sugar in urine (absent in normal urine); due to diabetes
A
Glycosuria
7
Q
Ketones (from burning fat) in urine (absent in normal urine); due to diabetes, starvation.
A
Ketonuria
8
Q
Pus in urine; due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney
A
Pyuria
9
Q
A toxic condition caused by retention in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (normally excreted in the urine).
A
Uremia
10
Q
- Urinous odor of breath and sweat, and yellow discoloration of tissues.
- Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, coma or convulsions.
A
Symptoms of Uremia
11
Q
Present in the urine.
A
Uria
12
Q
Present in blood.
A
Emia
13
Q
Parenchymatous nephritis with pronounced lesions in the glomeruli.
A
Glomerulonephritis
14
Q
Bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexes.
A
Cause of Glomerulonephritis
15
Q
- Oliguria
- Hematuria
- Back pain
- Hypertension (systemic effect)
A
Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
16
Q
Scar tissue and possibly kidney stones
A
Complications of Glomerulonephritis
17
Q
Atrophic kidneys with a thin cortex.
A
Chronic Glomerulonephritis complication
18
Q
Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection.
A
Pyelitis
19
Q
Pelvis
A
Pyelo
20
Q
Kidney
A
Nephro
21
Q
Inflammation of the kidney (renal pelvis and nephrons) caused by bacterial infection.
- acute or chronic
- chronic may lead to kidney failure
A
Pyelonephritis
22
Q
- Kidney stones (#1)
- Ascending UTI
- Intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli)
A
Cause of pyelitis and pyelonephritis
23
Q
- Hematuria
- Oliguria
A
Symptoms of pyelitis and pyelonephritis
24
Q
- Scarring
- Formation of stones
- Chronic kidney disease
A
Complications of pyelitis and pyelonephritis
25
- Some chronic renal infection may be localized and form a mass-like region.
- may mimic a neoplasm
Complications of pyelonephritis
26
Infection of the renal collecting system.
- Pus collects in the kidney pelvis
Pyonephrosis
27
- Usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones.
| - Can result in kidney abscess and kidney failure.
Cause and result of Pyonephrosis
28
Non-inflammatory nephropathy
| - a collection of symptoms
Nephrosis ( nephrotic syndrome)
29
Disease of nephrons; carry urine from the cortex toward the kidney pelvis.
Nephropathy
30
- Swelling of the body
- Large amounts of protein in urine
- Increased blood cholesterol
Characteristics of nephrosis
31
- Glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia
- Infections- strep, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer
- Heavy metals (Mercury, gold), snake venom, heroin
Causes of Nephrosis
32
- Hematuria
- Oliguria
- Uremia (urine wastes back up into blood => mental changes)
Symptoms of Nephrosis
33
- Necrosis and possible bleeding
- Kidney failure
- Scar tissue
- Stones
Complications of Nephrosis
34
Dissension of the pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction.
- I.e., due to stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia
- Causes kidney dissension and cysts
Hydronephrosis
35
Narrowing of the renal artery => obstruction to blood flow => renal ischemia and infarction.
Arteriosclerosis of the renal artery
36
- High fat diet, obesity
- Diabetes mellitus
- hypertension
Predisposing factors of arteriosclerosis
37
- Atrophy because of renal arterial occlusion.
Arteriosclerosis => Obstruction of Renal Artery
38
Renal calculus or gravel, calcium deposits in kidney => form hard kidney stones.
Nephrolithiasis (Renal calculi)
39
- Caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys
| - Caused by high fat diet
Two main types of Nephrolithiasis
40
Calcium surrounds blood => small brown or black stones, jagged edged
Caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys
41
Calcium surrounds lipids, larger, yellow, creamy, smooth stones
Caused by high fat diet
42
- Stones => Hematuria, Oliguria and frequent urination
| - Spasm and severe muscle pain (back and groin, sometimes upper back and neck)
Complications of Nephrolithiasis
43
Malignant neoplasm arising in epithelium (lining) of proximal renal tubules.
- very destructive, slowly growing
- between 50-70 years of age, often men
Renal Cell Carcinoma (hypernephromas)
44
- Smoking
- Genetics
- Dialysis treatment
Risk factors of hypernephroma
45
- Heavy Hematuria
- Abdominal pain
- Night sweats
- Hypertension
Symptoms of hypernephroma
46
The kidney is not a usual site for metastasis.
Metastases of carcinoma to kidneys
47
Inflammation of the ureters; relating to one or both ureters.
Ureteritis
48
- ascending or descending infections of the urinary tract, kidney stones pushed in ureters.
- neoplasms
- damaged nervous system (muscular dysfunction)
Causes of ureteritis
49
- Hematuria
- Oliguria
- Uremia
Symptoms of ureteritis
50
- Scar tissue
| - Stone completely blocking ureter
Complication of ureteritis
51
- Exiting from each kidney and extending to the urinary bladder
- Partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters occurs in about 1 in 150 persons.
- obstructive problems due to abnormal flow or two ureters into the bladder in close proximity
Double ureters
52
Transitional cell carcinoma (transitional epithelium lining the ureters)
- cause is unknown
Ureter- carcinoma
53
- Using over-the-counter pain medications for a long time.
| - Exposure to some dyes and chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics and rubber
Risk factors for ureter carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma)
54
- Hematuria
- Oliguria
- Dysuria
- Back pain
- Extreme tiredness
- Weight loss
Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma (in ureter)
55
Inflammation of a bladder, especially the urinary bladder.
- More common in sexually active females
Cystitis
56
- Ascending infections, especially in females
- Stones from kidneys and ureters that have fallen into the bladder
- Bladder cancer
Causes of cystitis
57
- Pregnancy
- Enlarged prostate
- Catheters
- Prior history of stones
Predisposing factors for cystitis
58
- Transitional cell carcinoma
- neoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladder
- Highly malignant
- Usually in males over 60 years old
Urothelial carcinoma
59
- Cigarette smoking
- Chemicals
- Chronic cystitis
Risk factors for urothelial carcinoma
60
- Hematuria
- Dysuria
- Nocturia
Symptoms of urothelial carcinoma ( these appear late)
61
Inflammation of the urethra.
Urethritis
62
- Females - UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria
- Males- STDs (gonorrhea), trauma
- Stones
Causes of urethritis
63
- Burning upon urination
| - Discharge during urination
Symptoms of urethritis
64
- Scar tissue (rare)
Complication of urethritis
65
1-1.5 liters/day
Normal urine output
66
- Inherited (genetic)
- Multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys
- Filled with clear fluid
- Few millimeters to few centimeters in diameter
Polycystic kidney disease
67
Cause massive kidney enlargement (X20)
| - Normal kidney 1lb (.45kg) => 20lb (9.1kg)
Complication of polycystic kidney disease
68
Caused by autosomal dominant (genes) defect
- Common in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30
Adult polycystic kidney disease
69
Chronic inflammation => fibrosis => hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension => kidney failure
Complications of adult polycystic kidney disease
70
Caused by autosomal recessive (genes) defect
- May appear at birth or after 1 year of age
- Develops rapidly
- 75% of infants die
Childhood polycystic kidney disease
71
- Often associated with liver cysts and biliary ductal hyperplasia => cirrhosis-like scars
- Large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs
Complications of childhood polycystic kidney disease
72
- Hypoplasia
- Dysplasia
- Aplasia
- Renal agenesis
- Horseshoe kidney
Congenital malformations
73
Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body, small kidney. (reduced number or smaller nephrons)
- Renal failure ~ age of 20
Hypoplasia
74
- Clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydispia and electrolyte disturbances
Symptoms of hypoplasia
75
Excessive thirst
Polydispia
76
Abnormal development of a tissue (kidney)
| - Most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancy
Dysplasia (Multicystic dysplasia of kidney, MCDK)
77
- Genetic factors
- Mother's exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure)
- Cocaine
Possible causes of dysplasia
78
Failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally (kidney).
Aplasia
79
Formation of one kidney (1 in 4,000 infants).
Renal agenesis
80
Fusion of two kidneys at one pole
- Due to abnormal embryogenesis
- Most common anomaly (1 in 500)
- Usually asymptomatic
- Higher risk of kidney disease
Horseshoe kidney
81
- Acute renal failure
| - Chronic renal failure
Kidney failure (types)
82
Sudden failure of kidneys to perform their function.
- Usually related to drop in blood flow to kidneys (e.g., hemorrhage, embolism, dehydration), or blockage of urine flow or septicemia
- Reversible
Acute renal failure
83
May result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long-term substance abuse, congenital heart failure.
Chronic renal failure
84
Accumulation of fluid and waste materials
| - progress to end-stage renal disease.
Complications of chronic renal failure
85
- Pyelitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Glomerulonephritis
- Adult polycystic disease
- Nephrosis
- Hypernephroma
- Ureteritis
- Nephrolithiasis
- Transitional cell carcinoma
- Urothelial carcinoma
All share the symptom of hematuria
86
- Glomerulonephritis
- Pyelitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Nephrosis
- Nephrolithiasis
- Transitional cell carcinoma
All share the symptom if oliguria
87
- Ureteritis
| - Nephrosis
Share the symptom of uremia
88
- Nephrosis (Uremia- urine wastes back up to the blood)
Has the symptom of mental changes
89
- Glomerulonephritis
- Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
- Complication of Adult polycystic disease
- Predisposing factor for arteriosclerosis of the renal artery
Share the symptom if hypertension
90
- Causes pyelitis and pyelonephritis
- Causes ureteritis
- Causes urethritis in females
- Complication of Adult polycystic disease
UTI
91
- Edema
- Uremia
- Jaundice
- Dehydration
- Odor
Postmortem conditions
92
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities.
Edema
93
Condition characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin and bile pigments in skin, sclera (eye whites), body fluids, blood and mucous membranes resulting in yellow appearance.
Jaundice
94
Loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem.
Dehydration
95
Strong urinous odor.
Odor
