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pathology > Diseases Of The Urinary System 13 > Flashcards

Diseases Of The Urinary System 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Diminished amount of urine production (less than .4L/day), same frequency, due to infections, scar tissue, stones, neoplasms.

A

Oliguria

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2
Q

No urine output; due to renal failure, neoplasm, paralysis.

A

Anuria

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3
Q

Increase in urine output (2.5L/day); due to infection, high blood pressure, alcohol, diabetes, hyposecretion of ADH (antiduretic hormone).

A

Polyuria

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4
Q

Red blood cells (RBC) in urine, due to stones, infection, neoplasms, poisoning.

A

Hematuria

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5
Q

Hemoglobin in urine; due to poisons, increased destruction anemia.

A

Hemoglobinuria

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6
Q

Sugar in urine (absent in normal urine); due to diabetes

A

Glycosuria

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7
Q

Ketones (from burning fat) in urine (absent in normal urine); due to diabetes, starvation.

A

Ketonuria

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8
Q

Pus in urine; due to infection, renal stones, polycystic kidney

A

Pyuria

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9
Q

A toxic condition caused by retention in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (normally excreted in the urine).

A

Uremia

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10
Q
  • Urinous odor of breath and sweat, and yellow discoloration of tissues.
  • Nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, coma or convulsions.
A

Symptoms of Uremia

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11
Q

Present in the urine.

A

Uria

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12
Q

Present in blood.

A

Emia

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13
Q

Parenchymatous nephritis with pronounced lesions in the glomeruli.

A

Glomerulonephritis

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14
Q

Bacterial (usually strep) or viral infections resulting in formation of antigen-antibody complexes.

A

Cause of Glomerulonephritis

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15
Q
  • Oliguria
  • Hematuria
  • Back pain
  • Hypertension (systemic effect)
A

Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis

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16
Q

Scar tissue and possibly kidney stones

A

Complications of Glomerulonephritis

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17
Q

Atrophic kidneys with a thin cortex.

A

Chronic Glomerulonephritis complication

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18
Q

Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney, caused by bacterial infection.

A

Pyelitis

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19
Q

Pelvis

A

Pyelo

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20
Q

Kidney

A

Nephro

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21
Q

Inflammation of the kidney (renal pelvis and nephrons) caused by bacterial infection.

  • acute or chronic
    • chronic may lead to kidney failure
A

Pyelonephritis

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22
Q
  • Kidney stones (#1)
  • Ascending UTI
  • Intestinal bacteria (fecal, E. coli)
A

Cause of pyelitis and pyelonephritis

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23
Q
  • Hematuria

- Oliguria

A

Symptoms of pyelitis and pyelonephritis

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24
Q
  • Scarring
  • Formation of stones
  • Chronic kidney disease
A

Complications of pyelitis and pyelonephritis

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25
Q
  • Some chronic renal infection may be localized and form a mass-like region.
  • may mimic a neoplasm
A

Complications of pyelonephritis

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26
Q

Infection of the renal collecting system.

  • Pus collects in the kidney pelvis
A

Pyonephrosis

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27
Q
  • Usually due to kidney infection or kidney stones.

- Can result in kidney abscess and kidney failure.

A

Cause and result of Pyonephrosis

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28
Q

Non-inflammatory nephropathy

- a collection of symptoms

A

Nephrosis ( nephrotic syndrome)

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29
Q

Disease of nephrons; carry urine from the cortex toward the kidney pelvis.

A

Nephropathy

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30
Q
  • Swelling of the body
  • Large amounts of protein in urine
  • Increased blood cholesterol
A

Characteristics of nephrosis

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31
Q
  • Glomerulonephritis, diabetes mellitus, lupus erythromatosis, leukemia
  • Infections- strep, HIV, hepatitis B or C, cancer
  • Heavy metals (Mercury, gold), snake venom, heroin
A

Causes of Nephrosis

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32
Q
  • Hematuria
  • Oliguria
  • Uremia (urine wastes back up into blood => mental changes)
A

Symptoms of Nephrosis

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33
Q
  • Necrosis and possible bleeding
  • Kidney failure
  • Scar tissue
  • Stones
A

Complications of Nephrosis

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34
Q

Dissension of the pelvis and calyces of one or both kidneys with urine as a result of obstruction.

  • I.e., due to stones, urethral stricture, prostatic hyperplasia
  • Causes kidney dissension and cysts
A

Hydronephrosis

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35
Q

Narrowing of the renal artery => obstruction to blood flow => renal ischemia and infarction.

A

Arteriosclerosis of the renal artery

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36
Q
  • High fat diet, obesity
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • hypertension
A

Predisposing factors of arteriosclerosis

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37
Q
  • Atrophy because of renal arterial occlusion.
A

Arteriosclerosis => Obstruction of Renal Artery

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38
Q

Renal calculus or gravel, calcium deposits in kidney => form hard kidney stones.

A

Nephrolithiasis (Renal calculi)

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39
Q
  • Caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys

- Caused by high fat diet

A

Two main types of Nephrolithiasis

40
Q

Calcium surrounds blood => small brown or black stones, jagged edged

A

Caused by trauma or bleeding in the kidneys

41
Q

Calcium surrounds lipids, larger, yellow, creamy, smooth stones

A

Caused by high fat diet

42
Q
  • Stones => Hematuria, Oliguria and frequent urination

- Spasm and severe muscle pain (back and groin, sometimes upper back and neck)

A

Complications of Nephrolithiasis

43
Q

Malignant neoplasm arising in epithelium (lining) of proximal renal tubules.

  • very destructive, slowly growing
  • between 50-70 years of age, often men
A

Renal Cell Carcinoma (hypernephromas)

44
Q
  • Smoking
  • Genetics
  • Dialysis treatment
A

Risk factors of hypernephroma

45
Q
  • Heavy Hematuria
  • Abdominal pain
  • Night sweats
  • Hypertension
A

Symptoms of hypernephroma

46
Q

The kidney is not a usual site for metastasis.

A

Metastases of carcinoma to kidneys

47
Q

Inflammation of the ureters; relating to one or both ureters.

A

Ureteritis

48
Q
  • ascending or descending infections of the urinary tract, kidney stones pushed in ureters.
  • neoplasms
  • damaged nervous system (muscular dysfunction)
A

Causes of ureteritis

49
Q
  • Hematuria
  • Oliguria
  • Uremia
A

Symptoms of ureteritis

50
Q
  • Scar tissue

- Stone completely blocking ureter

A

Complication of ureteritis

51
Q
  • Exiting from each kidney and extending to the urinary bladder
  • Partial or complete duplication of one or both ureters occurs in about 1 in 150 persons.
  • obstructive problems due to abnormal flow or two ureters into the bladder in close proximity
A

Double ureters

52
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma (transitional epithelium lining the ureters)

  • cause is unknown
A

Ureter- carcinoma

53
Q
  • Using over-the-counter pain medications for a long time.

- Exposure to some dyes and chemicals used to make leather goods, textiles, plastics and rubber

A

Risk factors for ureter carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma)

54
Q
  • Hematuria
  • Oliguria
  • Dysuria
  • Back pain
  • Extreme tiredness
  • Weight loss
A

Symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma (in ureter)

55
Q

Inflammation of a bladder, especially the urinary bladder.

  • More common in sexually active females
A

Cystitis

56
Q
  • Ascending infections, especially in females
  • Stones from kidneys and ureters that have fallen into the bladder
  • Bladder cancer
A

Causes of cystitis

57
Q
  • Pregnancy
  • Enlarged prostate
  • Catheters
  • Prior history of stones
A

Predisposing factors for cystitis

58
Q
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
  • neoplasm of epithelial tissue in urinary bladder
  • Highly malignant
  • Usually in males over 60 years old
A

Urothelial carcinoma

59
Q
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Chemicals
  • Chronic cystitis
A

Risk factors for urothelial carcinoma

60
Q
  • Hematuria
  • Dysuria
  • Nocturia
A

Symptoms of urothelial carcinoma ( these appear late)

61
Q

Inflammation of the urethra.

A

Urethritis

62
Q
  • Females - UTI from intestinal or skin bacteria
  • Males- STDs (gonorrhea), trauma
  • Stones
A

Causes of urethritis

63
Q
  • Burning upon urination

- Discharge during urination

A

Symptoms of urethritis

64
Q
  • Scar tissue (rare)
A

Complication of urethritis

65
Q

1-1.5 liters/day

A

Normal urine output

66
Q
  • Inherited (genetic)
  • Multiple renal cysts covering both kidneys
    • Filled with clear fluid
    • Few millimeters to few centimeters in diameter
A

Polycystic kidney disease

67
Q

Cause massive kidney enlargement (X20)

- Normal kidney 1lb (.45kg) => 20lb (9.1kg)

A

Complication of polycystic kidney disease

68
Q

Caused by autosomal dominant (genes) defect

  • Common in 10% of patients with chronic renal failure; symptomatic after age 30
A

Adult polycystic kidney disease

69
Q

Chronic inflammation => fibrosis => hematuria, chronic UTI, secondary hypertension => kidney failure

A

Complications of adult polycystic kidney disease

70
Q

Caused by autosomal recessive (genes) defect

  • May appear at birth or after 1 year of age
  • Develops rapidly
    - 75% of infants die
A

Childhood polycystic kidney disease

71
Q
  • Often associated with liver cysts and biliary ductal hyperplasia => cirrhosis-like scars
  • Large kidneys prevent expansion of lungs
A

Complications of childhood polycystic kidney disease

72
Q
  • Hypoplasia
  • Dysplasia
  • Aplasia
  • Renal agenesis
  • Horseshoe kidney
A

Congenital malformations

73
Q

Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body, small kidney. (reduced number or smaller nephrons)

  • Renal failure ~ age of 20
A

Hypoplasia

74
Q
  • Clinically symptoms start in infancy with polyuria, polydispia and electrolyte disturbances
A

Symptoms of hypoplasia

75
Q

Excessive thirst

A

Polydispia

76
Q

Abnormal development of a tissue (kidney)

- Most common cystic malformation of the kidney in infancy

A

Dysplasia (Multicystic dysplasia of kidney, MCDK)

77
Q
  • Genetic factors
  • Mother’s exposure to certain drugs (drugs to treat seizures or blood pressure)
  • Cocaine
A

Possible causes of dysplasia

78
Q

Failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally (kidney).

A

Aplasia

79
Q

Formation of one kidney (1 in 4,000 infants).

A

Renal agenesis

80
Q

Fusion of two kidneys at one pole

  • Due to abnormal embryogenesis
  • Most common anomaly (1 in 500)
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • Higher risk of kidney disease
A

Horseshoe kidney

81
Q
  • Acute renal failure

- Chronic renal failure

A

Kidney failure (types)

82
Q

Sudden failure of kidneys to perform their function.

  • Usually related to drop in blood flow to kidneys (e.g., hemorrhage, embolism, dehydration), or blockage of urine flow or septicemia
  • Reversible
A

Acute renal failure

83
Q

May result from glomerulonephritis, polycystic disease, pyelonephritis, long-term substance abuse, congenital heart failure.

A

Chronic renal failure

84
Q

Accumulation of fluid and waste materials

- progress to end-stage renal disease.

A

Complications of chronic renal failure

85
Q
  • Pyelitis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Adult polycystic disease
  • Nephrosis
  • Hypernephroma
  • Ureteritis
  • Nephrolithiasis
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
  • Urothelial carcinoma
A

All share the symptom of hematuria

86
Q
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Pyelitis
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Nephrosis
  • Nephrolithiasis
  • Transitional cell carcinoma
A

All share the symptom if oliguria

87
Q
  • Ureteritis

- Nephrosis

A

Share the symptom of uremia

88
Q
  • Nephrosis (Uremia- urine wastes back up to the blood)
A

Has the symptom of mental changes

89
Q
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
  • Complication of Adult polycystic disease
  • Predisposing factor for arteriosclerosis of the renal artery
A

Share the symptom if hypertension

90
Q
  • Causes pyelitis and pyelonephritis
  • Causes ureteritis
  • Causes urethritis in females
  • Complication of Adult polycystic disease
A

UTI

91
Q
  • Edema
  • Uremia
  • Jaundice
  • Dehydration
  • Odor
A

Postmortem conditions

92
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities.

A

Edema

93
Q

Condition characterized by excessive concentration of bilirubin and bile pigments in skin, sclera (eye whites), body fluids, blood and mucous membranes resulting in yellow appearance.

A

Jaundice

94
Q

Loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem.

A

Dehydration

95
Q

Strong urinous odor.

A

Odor

pathology (23 decks)

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