Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathology > Disturbances in Circulation > Flashcards

Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

To and from capillaries of the lungs. It brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

To and from the capillaries of the tissues of the body. It brings oxygenated blood to the tissues, and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Systemic Circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Related to cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.

  • Edema
  • Hyperemia
  • Ischemia, hypoxia and infarction
  • Thrombosis and embolism
  • Hemorrhage and shock
  • Gangrene
  • Dehydration and plethora
A

Circulatory disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities due to shift of fluid from vascular space into another compartment.

A

Edema (dropsy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Increased permeability of capillary walls (due to histamine, allergies, inflammation)
  • Increased capillary blood pressure due to venous obstruction, heart failure, or nephritis (kidney disease)
  • Inflammatory conditions
  • Low blood plasma osmotic pressure (due to nutrition)
  • Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
A

Etiology of Edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Generalized massive (severe) edema in subcutaneous tissue (accumulation of serous fluid in body cavities).

A

Anasarca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fluid in abdominal (peritoneal) cavity.

A

Ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fluid in the thoracic (pleural) cavity.

A

Hydrothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fluid around the heart (in the pericardial sac).

A

Hydropericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fluid in any sacculated (sac-like) cavity in the body, especially tunica vaginalis (results in swelling of the scrotum).

A

Hydrocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Anasarca
  • Ascites
  • Hydrothorax
  • Hydropericardium
  • Hydrocele
A

Types of edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Excess of blood in an area of the body.

A

Hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Accumulation of an excess of blood or tissue fluid in a body part.

A

Congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dilation of arteries and increased arterial blood supply to an organ or tissue.

A

Active hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can be caused by increased metabolic activity (exercise) > delivery of more blood “on demand” of a working tissue.

A

Physiological (functional) active hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute inflammation, such as sunburned skin.

A

Pathological active hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Engorgement of organs or tissues due to inadequate venous drainage.

e. g., thrombosis, embolus, tumor pressing on or blocking blood vessels causing abnormal pumping action of the heart.
- May result in reddish- bluish discoloration (cyanosis) of the affected parts. e.g., liver

A

Passive hyperemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reddish- bluish discoloration

A

Cyanosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Reduction in arterial blood supply (therefore, oxygen and nutrients) to a tissue or body part.

A

Ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Decreased level of oxygen within a tissue.

A

Hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • Arterial obstruction (thrombus, embolus, artherosclerosis)
  • Venous obstruction
  • Vasoconstriction (due to abnormal function of nervous system, cold temperature or medications.
  • External pressure on blood vessel (e.g., tumor)
  • Heart failure (leading to systemic ischemia) is
A

Etiology of Ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • Hypoxia and accumulation of metabolic wastes in tissues > tissue damage > tissue necrosis (infarct)
  • pain
  • atrophy
  • e.g., ischemic heart disease, or transient ischemic attacks (brain).
A

Effects of ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The formation of an area of necrosis in a tissue caused by obstruction in the artery supplying the area; usually follows ischemia.

e.g. myocardial infarction- area of cell death (necrosis) resulting from anoxia caused by thrombosis.

A

Infarction (Ischemic necrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Spleen, kidneys, lungs, brain and heart

A

Organs most often affected by infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The formation or presence of an attached blood clot.
Thrombosis
26
* Injury or disease of blood vessel wall > partial obstruction in blood vessel * Reduced rate of blood flow (sluggish circulation) > allow platelets aggregation = accumulation. * Alterations in blood composition- e.g., polycythemia vera > increased viscosity (thickness) of blood. * Blood diseses - thrombocytosis, sickle cell anemia.
Etiology of Thrombosis
27
Due to an incomplete obstruction of a blood vessel; thrombus may dislodge.
Partial Thrombosis
28
Due to total (complete) blockage of a blood vessel; ischemia and infarction may occur.
Obstructive
29
Due to infected thrombus; very dangerous.
Septic
30
Due to not infected thrombus.
Aseptic
31
* In blood vessels- arteries and veins | * In the heart- cardiac valves or ventricles
Location of thrombosis
32
Formation of new blood capillaries to bypass the thrombus.
Canalization
33
* tiny thrombi resolve on their own * Large thrombi may increase in size (surrounded by fibrous tissue) > may become obstructive. Some large thrombi break off and become emboli.
Changes in Thrombi
34
Small thrombi dissolve, not causing further damage.
Resolution of thrombi
35
Mineral salts accumulate around thrombi; may become obstructive.
Calcification of thrombi
36
Pieces of thrombus dislodge and move through the bloodstream (embolus)
Fragmentation of thrombi
37
Septic (infected) thrombus; fragments move through the bloodstream > spread infection and may block small blood vessels.
Septic softening of thrombi
38
Reduction in arterial blood supply (oxygen and nutrients).
Ischemia
39
Tissue necrosis due to obstruction in arterial blood supplying to the area.
Infarction
40
Abnormal venous drainage.
Passive hyperemia
41
Death of tissue with loss of vascular supply; may be followed by bacterial infection.
Gangrene
42
Presence of bacteria in blood from a septic thrombus.
Bacteremia
43
Obstruction of a blood vessel by free floating object (embolus) in the bloodstream (solid or gaseous).
Embolism
44
* Fragments of thrombi * Clump of bacteria * Fragmented tumor cells * Animal parasites * Fat * Gas (air) * Foreign bodies- chemicals (talc, cotton fibers)
Types of embolism
45
* Ischemia - if blockage occurs * Infarction - if ischemia occurs * Gangrene (if embolus; may be infected) * Spread of infection * Spread of tumor cells * Necrosis
Consequences of embolism
46
Escape of blood from blood vascular system.
Hemorrhage
47
* Trauma * vascular diseases * hypertension * blood diseases (e.g., hemorrhagic anemia)
Etiology of hemorrhage
48
High blood pressure.
Hypertension
49
* Petechiae * Ecchymosis * Hematoma
Types of hemorrhage
50
Antemortem, pinpoint, extravascular blood discoloration visible as purplish hemorrhages of the skin. e.g., thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
Petechiae (singular = petechia)
51
Small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into a tissue; (greater than petechia), usually in mucous membrane or skin. e.g., thrombocytopenia, cirrhosis, acute renal failure
Ecchymosis (bruise)
52
Large collection of blood (tumor like swelling); usually due to trauma.
Hematoma
53
Bleeding from the nose.
Epistaxis
54
Blood in sputum.
Hemoptysis
55
Vomiting of blood.
Hematemesis
56
Blood in the pericardial cavity.
Hemopericardium
57
Blood in the thoracic cavity.
Hemothorax
58
Blood in the abdominal cavity.
Hemoperitoneum
59
Blood in stool.
Melena
60
Discharge of red blood cells in urine.
Hematuria
61
Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained.
Exsanguination
62
A condition in which the circulatory system is unable to provide adequate blood supply to the body tissues, due to low blood flow through blood vessels (hype perfusion), reduced cardiac output (inadequate pumping by the heart) or low blood volume.
Shock (Circulatory collapse = failure)
63
* Bacterial infections, overwhelming bacterial sepsis * Heat, cold, or burns * Radiation or poisoning * Severe hemorrhage * Catastrophic allergic reaction * Severe myocardial infarction * Trauma with extensive soft tissue damage
Etiology of circulatory shock
64
Increased permeability of blood capillaries and small veins may lead to: * Blood lost from circulation * Blood volume in blood vessels decreases * Less flow in blood vessels * Less blood to the heart > less effective pumping * Less blood to body tissues (low oxygen and nutrients, and accumulation of waste materials) * Severe tissue damage * If untreated > multi-organ failure > death
Effects of shock
65
From myocardial infarction or other myocardial disease.
Cardiogenic shock (heart failure)
66
Underfilled blood vessels, usually due to hemorrhage, burns, severe diarrhea, or vasodilation (from severe allergic reaction).
Hypovolemic shock
67
From systemic bacterial infection (sepsis) by organisms that release bacterial endotoxins.
Septic shock
68
* low blood pressure > have rapid or feeble pulse > little urine output * Low body temperature > cold extremities * Shallow but rapid breathing > pale skin color * Heavy perspiration > thirst
Symptoms of shock
69
Loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem (decrease in total volume of body fluids).
Dehydration
70
* Hemorrhage * Fever or high environmental temperature * Diabetes mellitus * Kidney or adrenal disease * Metabolic disorders * Diarrhea or vomiting
Etiology of dehydration
71
* Nervous system -numbness in fingers or face and muscle spasm. * Respiration- increased rate and depth * Dry skin and mucous membranes * Opaque, sticky organ surfaces * Vascular collapse * Brain, heart, and kidney damage
Consequences of dehydration
72
Increase in total blood volume.
Plethora
73
Excess blood due to transfusion, underactive spleen, or overactive bone marrow.
Etiology of Plethora
74
Headache and dizziness, vomiting or convulsions, heart and kidney damage.
Consequences of Plethora
75
* Diminished circulation * Abscess * Dehydration * Hemorrhage * Dehydration * Emaciation * Rapid decomposition * Discoloration
Postmortem conditions
76
May lead to syncope
Diminished circulation (postmortem)
77
Localized accumulation of pus.
Abscess
78
Excessive wasting away of the body, usually due to disease or lack of nutrition.
Emaciation
79
Purple because of high content of blood (pull of gravity).
Discoloration (postmortem)

pathology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions