Diseases of the respiratory system (unit 11) Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
- Nose
- Mouth
- Sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
A
Upper respiratory system
2
Q
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
A
Lower respiratory system
3
Q
Usually in response to infections, allergens, irritants, streptococcus bacteria.
- cold and flu viruses, other viruses, diphtheria (bacteria, swollen neck)
- dust, pollens, allergens
- Fumes (irritating fumes)
** Lesions from most of these will contain mucus , less commonly pus and dead cells.
A
URS: Acute Inflammation
4
Q
Bacterial, sore throat, low-grade fever, swollen neck
- Contagious disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing.
A
Diphtheria
5
Q
Catarrhal
A
Mucus
6
Q
Purulent
A
Pus
7
Q
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane; may cause runny nose, watery eyes, stuffy head, sore throat, sneezing, fever.
A
Rhinitis
8
Q
Acute inflammation, may lead to sinusitis.
A
Common cold (acute rhinitis)
9
Q
Acute inflammation with discharge of mucus; a head cold (viral infection which settles in the mucus membranes of the nose).
A
Coryza
10
Q
Inflammation due to allergies.
A
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
11
Q
Inflammation of mucus membrane lining paranasal sinuses (cavities) caused by infections.
A
Sinusitis
12
Q
Inflammation of the throat; caused by irritation, smoking, viral or bacterial (strep) infections.
A
Pharyngitis
13
Q
Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) and vocal chords; may follow rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis.
Caused by mechanical injury or laryngeal cancer.
A
Laryngitis
14
Q
The voice box.
A
Larynx
15
Q
Inflammation of the tonsils. (lymphatic tissue).
Usually caused by strep infection.
A
Tonsilitis
16
Q
- Rhinitis
- Common cold (acute rhinitis)
- Coryza
- Allergic rhinitis
- Sinusitis
- Pharyngitis
- Laryngitis
- Tonsilitis
A
Types of URS acute inflammation
17
Q
Non-cancerous growths on mucus membranes of the nose or larynx.
A
Nasal and laryngeal polyps
18
Q
Restrict (block) entrance of air and cause chronic irritation to the nose.
- Caused by aerosol decongestants, toxic fumes, cocaine.
A
Nasal polyps
19
Q
Interfere with speech caused by strain on the larynx.
- may predispose laryngeal cancer.
A
Laryngeal polyps
20
Q
Inflammation of the trachea.
- acute or chronic
- Caused by fumes, dust, allergens
- May be associated with bronchitis or laryngitis
A
Tracheitis
21
Q
- Scar tissue and stenosis (narrowed and hardening) of the trachea
- Severe breathing difficulty with a risk of pneumonia.
A
Major complications of tracheitis
22
Q
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi, very common.
- Caused by irritants, smoking, fumes, dust, allergens, pollens, viral infections (flu)
- Mucous is produced => congestion => breathing difficulty => risk of pneumonia.
A
Bronchitis
23
Q
Leads to scar tissue on the walls of bronchi => less flexible => resulting in a stagnation of air.
A
Complication of bronchitis: chronic bronchitis
24
Q
Abnormal destruction and dilation of large airways (bronchi)
- Could be congenital or acquired (result of another disorder) e.g., bronchitis, asthma.
- Long term bronchial damage => damaged bronchial wall => inflexible, stretched bronchi => difficulty in exhaling
- Potential risk of bleeding in bronchi, cough up blood, stagnant air, risk of infection and pneumonia.
- Anoxia (anoxemia) => results in cyanosis
A
Bronchiectasis
25
Low oxygen levels in blood. Results in cyanosis.
Anoxia (anoxemia)
26
Hypersensitivity reaction causing constriction of bronchi.
- hereditary or acquired condition
- leads to:
Hyper secretion of mucus from cells lining the bronchi =>
Bronchi can be blocked, irritated => difficulty in breathing
Anoxia, cyanosis, pneumonia
Asthma = Bronchial Asthma
27
Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, with effects on heart, emphysema.
Long term effects of asthma
28
Infection in the lungs
Pneumonia
29
Inflammation of the lungs.
Pneumonitis
30
-Bacteria, most common, e.g. streptococcus pneumonia is the #1 cause.
- Viruses (flu)
- Fungi (pneumocystis carinii)
- Fumes, irritants, cancer
Etiology of pneumonitis and pneumonia
31
Endogenous infection (coming from within the body); normal bacteria in the nasopharynx common in a person with compromised heath.
Streptococcus pneumonia
32
Results in:
- Congestion of air spaces => difficulty breathing => impaired gas exchange => weakness
- fever, chills, chest pain and cough.
Pneumonia
33
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing
34
- Pleurisy (pleuritis)
- Hydrothorax
- Hemothroax
- Empyema
- Heart problems
Complications of pneumonia
35
Infection spreads to the membrane around the lungs, e.g. bacterial infection.
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
36
Mucus in the chest cavity around the lungs.
Hydrothroax
37
Blood in the chest cavity around the lungs.
Hemothroax
38
Pus in the chest cavity around the lungs; caused by ruptured lung or ulcerated tumor.
Empyema
39
- Lobar
- Bronchial
- Interstitial
- Double
- Viral
Types of pneumonia
40
Infecting one or more lobes; usually caused by strep.
Lobar
41
Due to mixed bacterial infections associated with complications of surgery, aspiration, anesthesia, chronic illness, or chronic pulmonary diseases.
Bronchial
42
Inflammation of lung supportive tissue (interstitium) between the air sacs.
- diffuse process that occurs all over the lungs and is not confined to one location.
- Idiopathic
Interstitial
43
Tissue that surrounds and separates tiny air sacs (alveolae) in lung.
Interstitium
44
Both lungs are involved.
Double
45
Caused by a variety of viruses.
Viral
46
Bacterial infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Spread by coughing, sneezing or inhaling infected dried sputum
- Incubation period => symptoms 7-14 days
- first asymptomatic
- Later flu-like and pneumonia-like symptoms
-productive cough, congestion, fever, dyspnea, night
sweats.
- Malaise
Tyberculosis
47
Subjective felling of being sick, ill, or not healthy
Malaise
48
Scar tissues (granulomas lesions) form on the lungs in 6-9 months called tubercles/granulomas = cancerous necrosis
- Infection survives inside the scar tissue but usually causes no further harm.
Tuberculosis
49
Dead bacteria, immune cells, lung tissue.
Tubercles/ granulomas
50
Tuberculosis infection at multiple sites throughout the body.
- Infection may break out of the scar tissue and spread.
- TB infects the spleen, liver, kidneys, brain, usually fatal in 1 in 1000 cases.
Military tuberculosis
51
General term used to denote any prolonged inhalation of mineral dust, e.g. coal tars, asbestos
- Scar tissue => discoloration => interference with expansion of the lungs and breathing.
Pneumoconiosis (black lung)
52
Collapse of alveoli or airless state of part or the entire lung.
- due to fractured ribs or mucus plaque
- causes inadequate breathing pattern, pain.
Atelectasis
53
A condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness; end stage of severe chronic lung disease.
- Increased production of mucus causes trapping of air in alveoli leading to overinflation => destruction of alveoli => lungs cannot recoil => barrel chest appearance because of difficulty exhaling air from the lungs.
- Predisposing factors:
- cigarette smoking
- recurrent inflammation of lungs.
Emphysema
54
- Respiratory failure
- Anoxia, cyanosis
- Hypertrophy of the heart, stroke
- Hypertension
- Scar tissue on the surface of the lungs and pleural membrane.
Consequences of emphysema
55
- Less inflammation
| - More alveolar destrucion
Emphysema
56
- More inflammation
| - Less alveolar destruction
Chronic bronchitis
57
Localized accumulation of pus; may contain infectious material.
- e.g. bacterial pneumonia or aspiration pneumonia (food or foreign material)
- Can be a source of septicemia, difficult to treat
- Abscess cavities
Pulmonary abscess
58
Caused by inhaling airborne fungus
- fungus forms tuberculosis-like granulomas
- may spread throughout lungs and cause dyspnea and fever.
Fungal disease
59
Leading cause of cancer deaths in the US.
- Predisposing factors:
- cigarette smoking
- genetic
- inhalation of carcinogenic or industrial air pollutants
- Often asymptomatic until metastasis
- dyspnea, coughing, hemoptysis
- Metastasizes to the brain, bone, liver
- 10% survival rate for 5 years.
Lung cancer
60
Coughing up of blood.
Hemoptysis
61
Malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs
62
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Starts in the bronchi and spreads through the lungs
#1 type of cancer in males
#2 type of cancer in females
#1 cause of death in both
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Metastasizes quickly to lymph nodes, brain, GI, organs
Bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous)
63
Found in the soft tissue of lungs
- Results in cough and breathlessness
- Primary or secondary
Respiratory sarcoma
64
- Cleft (split) lip
- Cleft palate
- Cystic fibrosis
Genetic and developmental conditons
65
One or more abnormal splits in the upper lip.
- related to hereditary factors
- repaired surgically
Cleft (split) lip
66
Involves palate or roof of mouth, more common in girls.
- separate or in combination with cleft lip
- related to hereditary factors
- repaired surgically
Cleft palate
67
Hereditary disorder (autosomal recessive) with defective transport of chloride
- Lethal; affects exocrine glands causing secretion of thick mucous that obstruct body passageways (lungs and pancreas)
Cystic fibrosis
68
- Choking
| - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Obstructive conditions
69
Obstruction of airflow caused by foreign object, respiratory disease, or compression of the airways.
Choking (airway obstruction)
70
Group of pulmonary disease characterized by inability to get air into/out of the lungs.
- caused by smoking; e.g. chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- Results in high carbon dioxide level in blood
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
71
- Cyanosis
- Emaciation
- Hydrothroax
- Hemorrhage
- Cavitation
Postmortem conditions
72
Bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous membrane due to lack of oxygen.
Cyanosis
73
Excessive wasting away of the body.
Emaciation
74
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity.
Hydrothorax
75
Escape of blood from the vascular system.
Hemorrhage
76
Formation of cavities in an organ or tissue; frequently seen in some forms of tuberculosis.
Cavitation
